Organizational culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Organizational culture - Assignment Example rtaken in this  process  include lectures, video materials, prints, formal meetings, or orientations to introduce new employees to their  respective  work  and firms, based on the computer.  According to research by Schein (2010), socialization methods project towards positive outcomes for the recently employed workers such as  superb  job  performance,  superior  organizational commitment, greater job satisfaction and  tremendous  reduction in stress levels.  These results are  vital  to a  firm  that looks to  retain  its competitive  advantage  in ever increasing  portable  and globalized personnel. Fast growing organizations like AIT Laboratories employ strategies of conducting  excellent  onboarding. These companies  base  on four  critical  factors of  culture  as well as  leadership. These factors include Mission, Consistency, Involvement and Adaptability. Corporate culture is a  mixture  of the values, symb ols, rituals, beliefs, taboos and myths that  develop  overtime in all companies.  The video corporate culture shows how cultures of different organizations develop overtime.  It also shows how these cultures carefully implement and  nurture  its values. With the new Vice President, the situation will lead to a raise in the productivity of the  firm  because only the best  get  picked. There is a high probability of the chosen employee being creative and  inventive  because the recruiting  system  focusses on those issues. If I were the Vice President, I would  communicate  in person through giving a speech to the employees after a team building  day  that I would have

Louis Xiv Essay Example for Free

Louis Xiv Essay Sam Jones Mr. Johnson Social Studies 13 July 2011 Life of the Common People under Louis XIV’s Rule An Absolute Monarchy was a new concept to the people of France during the 1600’s. Other forms of government were failing from lack of control, so the people of France turned to an Absolute Monarch, named Louis XIV. The only problem with Louis was that he was self-centered, and did not care a whole lot about governing his kingdom. He was more concerned with making himself looking good, and even went as far to call himself the â€Å"Sun God. † As a result, the French common people lived very rough lives, due to the neglect of their king. It was not an easy life for the French people under King Louis XIV’s rule, and it was not made better by his view on governing. This is shown through his lack of genuine care for his people, over taxation, and wars of the time. City life was very harsh on people, and this is shown by the fact that King Louis XIV himself did not live in the city. The people of Paris were starving because of a war happening; all of the food is going to the troops. Louis handles this problem by showing his generous heart, and giving the people spoiled food to eat. This action caused unrest and rioting, which was a problem for King Louis. The citizens of Paris were treated as mere objects and not people, and this would be hard to live with. Harsh living conditions made life hard as it is, and the spoiled food added to their loathsome lives. During king Louis XIV’s reign, he fought many wars in order to expand his territory. This caused many people who did not want to fight, be forced to join in wars they didn’t believe in. King Louis would even go as far as to send women’s loved ones into combat, just so when they died their inevitable death, he could have their significant other. Also, wars caused even more poverty for the people of France. In an instance where a woman’s husband was killed in combat, the wife would be left to supply their family with food. The social status of women at the time was very low, so it would be very hard for any woman to find a well paying job, causing even more starvation. This is the kind of environment the people of France lived in, and it was not an easy one. If war and a selfish king wasn’t enough, the people of France were also being heavily taxed. War wasn’t cheep, and King Louis needed some way to finance it. The simple solution was to tax the already poor French people. The people were already starving, and the heavy taxation made the burden of life much heavier. No money, meant no food, which made the people very upset at the king. Life wasn’t easy as it was, and lack of food and money made it unbearable. Absolute monarchy had its advantages and disadvantages. Many small issues may have been resolved, but under King Louis XIV, new problems arose. People starved, were forced to fight, and were overtaxed. Life was rough, and the rule of King Louis was not helping make it better. The citizens of France got what they wanted with an Absolute monarch, but their burdensome lives did not improve.

Shakespeares Macbeth Meets the Definition of a Tragic Hero Essay examp

Macbeth Meets the Definition of a Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's tragic play 'Macbeth' contains images of suffering and details the consequences of one's action. The story, set within medieval Scotland, follows the actions of a man destined for greatness.   Macbeth is known to be noble, yet he falters and ultimately falls prey to his conscience.   As a result, Macbeth is the tragic hero of this play because he makes a fatal mistake, he endures great suffering, and he possesses a destructive hamartia. As aforementioned Macbeth's first characteristic of the tragic hero is that he makes a fatal mistake. Macbeth's fatal mistake is that he listens to others too much and he is particularly credulous as to what they say.   Macbeth is swayed by the words of the witches, the Apparitions, and his own wife.   Near the beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo encounter three witches. The witches greet Macbeth by hailing him by his two titles, Thane of Cawdor and Glams, and then the Third Witch hails him by saying, "... that shalt be king hereafter.(Mac.1.3.53)"   The witch's statement makes Macbeth believe that since the witch said it, it must be true.   The witches are probably the source for Macbeth's hunger for power over Scotland.   The witches do not ... ...sulted: Campbell, Lily B. "Macbeth : A Study in Fear." Readings on Macbeth. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999. 126-35. Kinney, Arthur F. ed. William Shakpespeare: the Tragedies. Boston: Hall and Company, 1985. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Elements of Literature. Sixth ed. Austin: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1997. Wadsworth, Frank W. "Shakespeare, William." World Book Online American Edition. Online Edition. Online. Netzero. 26 Mar 2002. "William Shakespeare." BBC Homepage. Online. Available . 26 Mar. 2002. Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1999. 30-37.

The Morality of Torture Essay -- The Ethics of Torture

Torture is a controversial topic in today’s society. What is torture? Torture can be defined as, ‘the act of inflicting excruciating pain, as punishment or revenge, as a means of getting a confession or information, or for sheer cruelty.’(Dershowitz, A) According to international law, it is illegal to use torture in any situation of any kind. Though torture undoubtedly continues throughout the world, the moral argument prohibiting torture should or could be justified. However, the question of torture has resurfaced in the context of the â€Å"Is There A Torturous Road to Justice† mainly focusing on the attacks of 911. Seemingly, the topic of torture became more demanding after millions of lives lose and threaten after the attacks on the United States. The dilemma of torture is commonly expressed towards problem of the ‘ticking bomb terrorist.’ In this essay, I will argue that torture is unsubstantial conflicting as a moral and immoral belief. Many individuals would argue that torture is immorally wrong and views it as a malevolent form of punishment, but on the other hand, a solider fighting in war may see it as a justifiable action towards protecting themselves, other citizens, and the country. Nevertheless, if torture is so immoral, why is the topic so hard to explain? Within the society of social order, many people would say that torture is a shameful action for those who support it and or participate in agony. This may be valid, but this argument could be compared to other criminal scenarios. For instance, a person who commits a crime such as stealing a car and injuring someone or harming a person with the intent to kill, in this society these actions could be seen as immoral action. During the criminal sanction, they could... ... but it may be seen as a learned willing action to protect. Torturing a person in other words is seen as unconstitutional, but to understand why it is somewhat problematic, just imagine being in the position of a torturer and torture, both predicaments is understandable hard to bare with from a citizen standpoint. Mitigating the stance on torture becomes somewhat impossible, especially for those who carry out the action, and or for those that make the laws and pass them. Justifying this action is undoubtedly hard to differ between moral or immoral actions. In this situation as mentioned before, it seems that the lives of millions of individuals compensate one individual life. Works Cited Hinman, Lawrence M.. Contemporary moral issues: diversity and consensus. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005. Print.

Vampire Academy Chapter 21

TWENTY-ONE I'D NEVER BEEN COMPLETELY NAKED around a guy before. It scared the hell out of me – even though it excited me, too. Lying on the covers, we clung to each other and kept kissing – and kissing and kissing and kissing. His hands and lips took possession of my body, and every touch was like fire on my skin. After yearning for him for so long, I could barely believe this was happening. And while the physical stuff felt great, I also just liked being close to him. I liked the way he looked at me, like I was the sexiest, most wonderful thing in the world. I liked the way he would say my name in Russian, murmured like a prayer: Roza, Roza†¦ And somewhere, somewhere in all of this, was that same urging voice that had driven me up to his room, a voice that didn't sound like my own but that I was powerless to ignore. Stay with him, stay with him. Don't think about anything else except him. Keep touching him. Forget about everything else. I listened – not that I really needed any extra convincing. The burning in his eyes told me he wanted to do a lot more than we were, but he took things slow, maybe because he knew I was nervous. His pajama pants stayed on. At one point, I shifted so that I hovered over him, my hair hanging around him. He tilted his head slightly, and I just barely caught sight of the back of his neck. I brushed my fingertips over the six tiny marks tattooed there. â€Å"Did you really kill six Strigoi?† He nodded. â€Å"Wow.† He brought my own neck down to his mouth and kissed me. His teeth gently grazed my skin, different from a vampire but every bit as thrilling. â€Å"Don't worry. You'll have a lot more than me someday.† â€Å"Do you feel guilty about it?† â€Å"Hmm?† â€Å"Killing them. You said in the van that it was the right thing to do, but it still bothers you. It's why you go to church, isn't it? I see you there, but you aren't really into the services.† He smiled, surprised and amused I'd guessed another secret about him. â€Å"How do you know these things? I'm not guilty exactly†¦just sad sometimes. All of them used to be human or dhampir or Moroi. It's a waste, that's all, but as I said before, it's something I have to do. Something we all have to do. Sometimes it bothers me, and the chapel is a good place to think about those kinds of things. Sometimes I find peace there, but not often. I find more peace with you.† He rolled me off of him and moved on top of me again. The kissing picked up once more, harder this time. More urgent. Oh God, I thought. I'm finally going to do it. This is it. I can feel it. He must have seen the decision in my eyes. Smiling, he slid his hands behind my neck and unfastened Victor's necklace. He set it on the bedside table. As soon as the chain left his fingers, I felt like I'd been slapped in the face. I blinked in surprise. Dimitri must have felt the same way. â€Å"What happened?† he asked. â€Å"I-I don't know.† I felt like I was trying to wake up, like I'd been asleep for two days. I needed to remember something. Lissa. Something with Lissa. My head felt funny. Not pain or dizziness, but†¦the voice, I realized. The voice urging me toward Dimitri was gone. That wasn't to say I didn't want him anymore because hey, seeing him there in those sexy pajama bottoms, with that brown hair spilling over the side of face was pretty fine. But I no longer had that outside influence pushing me to him. Weird. He frowned, no longer turned on. After several moments of thought, he reached over and picked up the necklace. The instant his fingers touched it, I saw desire sweep over him again. He slid his other hand onto my hip, and suddenly, that burning lust slammed back into me. My stomach went queasy while my skin started to prickle and grow warm again. My breathing became heavy. His lips moved toward mine again. Some inner part of me fought through. â€Å"Lissa,† I whispered, squeezing my eyes shut. â€Å"I have to tell you something about Lissa. But I can't†¦remember†¦I feel so strange†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I know.† Still holding onto me, he rested his cheek against my forehead. â€Å"There's something†¦something here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He pulled his face away, and I opened my eyes. â€Å"This necklace. That's the one Prince Victor gave you?† I nodded and could see the sluggish thought process trying to wake up behind his eyes. Taking a deep breath, he removed his hand from my hip and pushed himself away. â€Å"What are you doing?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Come back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked like he wanted to – very badly – but instead he climbed out of the bed. He and the necklace moved away from me. I felt like he'd ripped part of me away, but at the same time, I had that startling sensation of waking up, like I could think clearly once more without my body making all the decisions. On the other hand, Dimitri still wore a look of animal passion on him, and it seemed to take a great deal of effort for him to walk across the room. He reached the window and managed to open it one-handed. Cold air blasted in, and I rubbed my hands over my arms for warmth. â€Å"What are you going to – ?† The answer hit me, and I sprang out of bed, just as the necklace flew out the window. â€Å"No! Do you know how much that must have – ?† The necklace disappeared, and I no longer felt like I was waking up. I was awake. Painfully, startlingly so. I took in my surroundings. Dimitri's room. Me naked. The rumpled bed. But all that was nothing compared to what hit me next. â€Å"Lissa!† I gasped out. It all came back, the memories and the emotions. And, in fact, her held-back emotions suddenly poured into me – at staggering levels. More terror. Intense terror. Those feelings wanted to suck me back into her body, but I couldn't let them. Not quite yet. I fought against her, needing to stay here. With the words coming out in a rush, I told Dimitri everything that had happened. He was in motion before I finished, putting on clothes and looking every bit like a badass god. Ordering me to get dressed, he tossed me a sweatshirt with Cyrillic writing on it to wear over the skimpy dress. I had a hard time following him downstairs; he made no effort to slow for me this time. Calls were made when we got there. Orders shouted. Before long, I ended up in the guardians' main office with him. Kirova and other teachers were there. Most of the campus's guardians. Everyone seemed to speak at once. All the while, I felt Lissa's fear, felt her moving farther and farther away. I yelled at them to hurry up and do something, but no one except Dimitri would believe my story about her abduction until someone retrieved Christian from the chapel and then verified Lissa really wasn't on campus. Christian staggered in, supported by two guardians. Dr. Olendzki appeared shortly thereafter, checking him out and wiping blood away from the back of his head. Finally, I thought, something would happen. â€Å"How many Strigoi were there?† one of the guardians asked me. â€Å"How in the world did they get in?† muttered someone else. I stared. â€Å"Wh – ? There weren't any Strigoi.† Several sets of eyes stared at me. â€Å"Who else would have taken her?† asked Ms. Kirova primly. â€Å"You must have seen it wrong through the†¦vision.† â€Å"No. I'm positive. It was†¦they were†¦guardians.† â€Å"She's right,† mumbled Christian, still under the doctor's ministrations. He winced as she did something to the back of his head. â€Å"Guardians.† â€Å"That's impossible,† someone said. â€Å"They weren't school guardians.† I rubbed my forehead, fighting hard to keep from leaving the conversation and going back to Lissa. My irritation grew. â€Å"Will you guys get moving? She's getting farther away!† â€Å"You're saying a group of privately retained guardians came in and kidnapped her?† The tone in Kirova's voice implied I was playing some kind of joke. â€Å"Yes,† I replied through gritted teeth. â€Å"They†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Slowly, carefully, I slipped my mental restraint and flew into Lissa's body. I sat in a car, an expensive car with tinted windows to keep out most of the light. It might be â€Å"night† here, but it was full day for the rest of the world. One of the guardians from the chapel drove; another sat beside him in the front – one I recognized. Spiridon. In the back, Lissa sat with tied hands, another guardian beside her, and on the other side – â€Å"They work for Victor Dashkov,† I gasped out, focusing back on Kirova and the others. â€Å"They're his.† â€Å"Prince Victor Dashkov?† asked one of the guardians with a snort. Like there was any other freaking Victor Dashkov. â€Å"Please,† I moaned, hands clutching my head. â€Å"Do something. They're getting so far away. They're on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A brief image, seen outside the car window, flared in my vision. â€Å"Eighty-three. Headed south.† â€Å"Eighty-three already? How long ago did they leave? Why didn't you come sooner?† My eyes turned anxiously to Dimitri. â€Å"A compulsion spell,† he said slowly. â€Å"A compulsion spell put into a necklace he gave her. It made her attack me.† â€Å"No one can use that kind of compulsion,† exclaimed Kirova. â€Å"No one's done that in ages.† â€Å"Well, someone did. By the time I'd restrained her and taken the necklace, a lot of time had passed,† Dimitri continued, face perfectly controlled. No one questioned the story. Finally, finally, the group moved into action. No one wanted to bring me, but Dimitri insisted when he realized I could lead them to her. Three details of guardians set out in sinister black SUVs. I rode in the first one, sitting in the passenger seat while Dimitri drove. Minutes passed. The only times we spoke was when I gave a report. â€Å"They're still on Eighty-three†¦but their turn is coming. They aren't speeding. They don't want to get pulled over.† He nodded, not looking at me. He most definitely was speeding. Giving him a sidelong glance, I replayed tonight's earlier events. In my mind's eye, I could see it all again, the way he'd looked at me and kissed me. But what had it been? An illusion? A trick? On the way to the car, he'd told me there really had been a compulsion spell in the necklace, a lust one. I had never heard of such a thing, but when I'd asked for more information, he just said it was a type of magic earth users once practiced but never did anymore. â€Å"They're turning,† I said suddenly. â€Å"I can't see the road name, but I'll know when we're close.† Dimitri grunted in acknowledgment, and I sank further into my seat. What had it all meant? Had it meant anything to him? It had definitely meant a lot to me. â€Å"There,† I said about twenty minutes later, indicating the rough road Victor's car had turned off on. It was unpaved gravel, and the SUV gave us an edge over his luxury car. We drove on in silence, the only sound coming from the crunching of the gravel under the tires. Dust kicked up outside the windows, swirling around us. â€Å"They're turning again.† Farther and farther off the main routes they went, and we followed the whole time, led by my instructions. Finally, I felt Victor's car come to a stop. â€Å"They're outside a small cabin,† I said. â€Å"They're taking her – â€Å" â€Å"Why are you doing this? What's going on?† Lissa. Cringing and scared. Her feelings had pulled me into her. â€Å"Come, child,† said Victor, moving into the cabin, unsteady on his cane. One of his guardians held the door open. Another pushed Lissa along and settled her into a chair near a small table inside. It was cold in here, especially in the pink dress. Victor sat across from her. When she started to get up, a guardian gave her a warning look. â€Å"Do you think I'd seriously hurt you?† â€Å"What did you do to Christian?† she cried, ignoring the question. â€Å"Is he dead? â€Å"The Ozera boy? I didn't mean for that to happen. We didn't expect him to be there. We'd hoped to catch you alone, to convince others you'd run away again. We'd made sure rumors already circulated about that.† We? I recalled how the stories had resurfaced this week†¦from Natalie. â€Å"Now?† He sighed, spreading his hands wide in a helpless gesture. â€Å"I don't know. I doubt anyone will connect it to us, even if they don't believe you ran away. Rose is the biggest liability. We'd intended to†¦dispatch her, letting others think she'd run away as well. The spectacle she created at your dance made that impossible, but I had another plan in place to make sure she stays occupied for some time†¦probably until tomorrow. We will have to contend with her later.† He hadn't counted on Dimitri figuring out the spell. He'd figured we'd be too busy getting it on all night. â€Å"Why?† asked Lissa. â€Å"Why are you doing all this?† His green eyes widened, reminding her of her father's. They might be distant relatives, but that jade-green color ran in both the Dragomirs and the Dashkovs. â€Å"I'm surprised you even have to ask, my dear. I need you. I need you to heal me.†

Free Essays on The Right Of The Jews

The Holocaust was one of the most dehumanizing and horrific events in the history of mankind. In the 12 years that Hitler ruled Germany, 1933-1945, the satanic Nazis and their collaborators annLast printed 12/18/00 11:43 PMihilated more than six million Jewish people. In the beginning of 1933 about nine million Jews lived in 21 countries of Europe. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. (www.mtsu.edu). Upon hearing evidence of such usurpations a number of questions arise. One of the most troubling is how can people claim to have not had any knowledge of the devastation the Nazis were carrying out? Immediately after Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor on January 30,1933, he began to initiate his diabolic plans against the Jews. Once he had obtained the most powerful position in the German government he made swift actions to end democracy in Germany. The Nazis began to put into action to their racial ideologies. The Nazis believed that the Germans of pure Aryan blood were racially superior to all other races. This was the implementation of The "Final Solution"- the decision or plans to completely destroy all European Jewry. Hitler declared his anti-Semitism in the Mein Kampf, written in 1923. In Mein Kampf, Hitler outlined his beliefs that if Germany were to be a strong world power it must be united on the principle of purity. His ideas of extermination were not limited to Jews alone. He targeted homosexuals, physically disabled and mentally ill people as well. He was said to have made early statements in 1939 regarding Jews being completely destroyed if they plunged Germany into another world war. Clearly, Hitler's intentions were evident even before his rise to power. By 1935 Hitler had implemented the Nuremberg laws. These laws were designed to establish the requirements of citizenship and the position of the Jews in the Third Reich and to ensure the purity of the Aryan race. These laws forced Jews t... Free Essays on The Right Of The Jews Free Essays on The Right Of The Jews The Holocaust was one of the most dehumanizing and horrific events in the history of mankind. In the 12 years that Hitler ruled Germany, 1933-1945, the satanic Nazis and their collaborators annLast printed 12/18/00 11:43 PMihilated more than six million Jewish people. In the beginning of 1933 about nine million Jews lived in 21 countries of Europe. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed. (www.mtsu.edu). Upon hearing evidence of such usurpations a number of questions arise. One of the most troubling is how can people claim to have not had any knowledge of the devastation the Nazis were carrying out? Immediately after Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor on January 30,1933, he began to initiate his diabolic plans against the Jews. Once he had obtained the most powerful position in the German government he made swift actions to end democracy in Germany. The Nazis began to put into action to their racial ideologies. The Nazis believed that the Germans of pure Aryan blood were racially superior to all other races. This was the implementation of The "Final Solution"- the decision or plans to completely destroy all European Jewry. Hitler declared his anti-Semitism in the Mein Kampf, written in 1923. In Mein Kampf, Hitler outlined his beliefs that if Germany were to be a strong world power it must be united on the principle of purity. His ideas of extermination were not limited to Jews alone. He targeted homosexuals, physically disabled and mentally ill people as well. He was said to have made early statements in 1939 regarding Jews being completely destroyed if they plunged Germany into another world war. Clearly, Hitler's intentions were evident even before his rise to power. By 1935 Hitler had implemented the Nuremberg laws. These laws were designed to establish the requirements of citizenship and the position of the Jews in the Third Reich and to ensure the purity of the Aryan race. These laws forced Jews t...

PESTE analysis of Japanese Car industry

PESTE analysis of Japanese Car industry Executive SummaryExternal business environment has been particularly important for the industry. This study aims to apply PESTE model to examine the different impact of external influences on Japanese car industry. The first section aims to model PESTE analysis of Japanese car industry on the external environment including political factor, economic factor, social-cultural factor, technological factor and ecological factor. There are three key factors economic factor that is determinant to the development of Japanese car industry: economic, technological and ecological factor. In combination, these factors form the basis of the opportunities and threat that Japanese car industry has to face in the competitive environment. The second section develops three scenarios planning for Japanese car industry on the basis of three key factors: optimistic scenario, pessimistic scenario, and a middle of the road one.1.0 IntroductionJapanese car industry has been in top position for more than 30 years with the characteristics of high productivity and large innovation achievements.Japanese exports in 2005Accompanying the globalization of the automotive industry, more and more manufacturers make efforts to dominate the global car market and revive the Japanese car industry. Yet a host of external factors influence the direction of Japanese car industry such as government regulations, environment concerns, rapid technology changes etc. So it is quite useful to relate such influences to growing trend towards globalization of car industry.The PESTE analysis this report apply reveals the importance of political, economic, social and cultural, technological and ecological influence on Japanese industry. The approach builds on the identification of three key factors and to what extent such influence will affect the industry and why they are important. It may also be helpful to construct scenario of possible future and develop an understanding of opportunities which can be built upo n and threats which can be...

Essay on George Washington

Essay on George Washington Essay on George Washington In, 1789, George Washington became the first president of the United States of America. In 1789, George Washington, was standing on the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York, and took his promise of office as the first President of the United States. Washington was born in 1732 into a Virginia planter family. George, was the eldest of Augustine and Mary Washington's six children, he spent much of his childhood at Ferry Farm, a plantation near Fredericksburg, Virginia. Also learned the morals, manners, and knowledge. He was married with Martha Washington and had a stepson John Custis. George Washington was interested in military arts and western expansion. When he was 16 he was in charge as lieutenant colonel in 1754 and fought the first fight of what end up of being the French and Indian War. By the late of the 1760s, Washington had personal experienced the effects of rising taxes applied on American colonists by the British, so he started to believe that it was the best to declare independence from England. Washington served as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in 1774 in Philadelphia. He proved to be a better general than military strategist. In 1781, with the help of the French, who allied themselves with the colonists over their rivals the British, the Continental forces were able to capture British troops under General Charles Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia. This action ended the Revolutionary War and Washington was declared a national hero. In 1783, with the treaty signed between Great Britain and the U.S., Washington gave up his command of the army and returned to Mount Vernon, to back to his life as a gentleman farmer and family man. However, in 1787, he was asked to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and head the committee to draft the new constitution. He convinced the delegates that he was the most qualified man to become the nation's first president. He wanted to return to a quiet life at home and leave g overning the new nation to others. But public opinion was so strong that eventually he gave in. The first presidential election was held on January 7, 1789, and Washington won handily. John Adams who received the second-largest Essay on George Washington Essay on George Washington "Beware of Political Parties and Foreign Affairs" A few weeks ago in history class, we learned about George Washington's presidency. Washington knew that all of his actions were very important because being the first president, everything he did would become a precedent for future presidents. Some of the precedents Washington set were having a cabinet, only running for two terms (a precedent that was followed until 1933 when Franklin D. Roosevelt served 3 terms), being a strong commander in chief, State of The Union letters, inaugural speech and a farewell address. All of those precedents are still followed today and only running for two terms in office is now the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution. In Washington's farewell address he gave the new country words of wisdom and a few warnings. His most important warning to the United States was: "Beware of political parties and foreign alliances". Boy, George Washington really knew what he was talking about. A couple weeks ago, I was about to go to bed and as I was saying good night to my dad, he told me to watch to the last few minutes of the Presidential debate. I asked my dad what the topic of the debate was, and he told me it was foreign policy. Gathering information from the debate and asking my dad some questions, I realized that we are entangled in alliances and affairs with many other countries. I also could see that it was causing us some dangerous problems. I found it funny that George Washington, who is now long gone from us, warned our nation about the troubles that getting involved with other countries would bring. We are not heeding his warning and look where we are now. Obviously we as a country have to ally ourselves with other countries, and create good relationships with them. George Washington wanted that. What he didn't want was for us to get involved with their political and social affairs. Washington also realized that with many countries competing to be the best in world, the United States would have some enemies. He limited the number of enemies we had during those early years by passing the Neutrality Acts, that prevented us from being entangled with other countries. While we do not have an overwhelming amount of enemies, I would not say that we have made our best attempt at

MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMICS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMICS - Assignment Example During their climax, copper was very costly in the global markets to an extent some coins made of copper were more worth than their face value. The following discussion will address the trends in the global markets of copper, their distribution and demand and ways in which the government can influence the price, demand and supply of copper. The Main Economic Trends and Features of the World Copper Market During the Period 2007-11 The United States local production and use of copper has slightly gone high in 2011 to a figure of about 1.1 million tons raising its value to approximately $ 10 billion. Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Arizona in the ascending order of production contribute over 99% of the local mine manufacture. Copper that was refined used about 30 mills of brass, 15 mills of rod and 500 foundries and sundry end users. Copper and its alloys were consumed in the building infrastructure where about 45% were used in electronic goods, 23 % consumed in the equipment of t ransport, 12 % consumed in general products similar to the consumer goods while the industrial ware used about 8% (Ho & Yi, 2008: 538). Between the years 2007-2011 the unproduced import sources from Chile was approximately 42 %, the Canadian was about 33 %, Peru amounted to 13% while Mexico had 6 % . The unwrought copper imports comprised of 83% of the refined copper. There has been an upward trend in the prices of refined copper in the second of half of 2010 with the ending year price according to London Metal exchange reaching a record high of $ 4.44 per every pound of copper (Botchway, 2011: 355). Even though the prices have been fluctuating considerably, the price of copper has remained over $ 4 per every pound throughout August 2011 with a record high price by LME going way up to $ 4.60 per pound in February 2011. In the month of September 2011, in reaction to the crisis regarding the impact on the demand of copper from the increasing debt in the European Union and the slowing development policies in the Chinese republic, the spot price fell acutely to about $ 3.16 per every pound in the course of week 1 which was the least since 2010 July (Gleich, Ayres & Go?Ssling-Reisemann, 2010: 121). The Factors Which Led To Change in the Demand for Copper during 2007-11 However, in September, the global copper research group predicted that the world’s refined demand of copper in 2011 would go beyond the production of refined copper by approximately 200,000 tons which would elongate the deficit production that occurred in 2010 as predicaments of operations and labor unrest inclusive of the strikes in Chile and Indonesia. This would continue to strain the global output of copper mine. The global demand, consumption and production of refined copper was estimated to go high by 1.5% and 2.3% by 2011 (ILOTTMMOTCM, 2008: 14). The production in the U.S mine went up abet in 2011 as restoration of mine restrain instigated at year end 2008 were majorly counterbalanced b y a less Ore Grades at a chief producer. The production at the electrolyte refinery went down due to closure of the refinery that was experienced in 2010 that eventually treated trade in anode and to less local output of smelter, the latter leading to a high degree of exports. The Copper mine production in the United States was projected to increase by over 100,000 tons in 2012, fundamentally because of the increasing refurbishment of cut downs. The local consumption of refined copper was close to unvaried in the year 2011 (Geological Survey, 2011: 21). Moreover the boom in the construction sector in China has also granted the consumers an insatiable

Interview a leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview a leader - Essay Example This whole idea of him providing an innovative style of freedom to his employees has resulted in a fine rapport between the employees and their superior heads as well as ranking the Admiral Group 4th in the top 40 companies of the United Kingdom (Frobes, 2011). Henry Engelhardt, is the most encouraging CEO in whom the employees have a great deal of conviction and faith, he meets all the newly hired staff, takes initiative in being available for live online chats and is usually found communicating with his staff at all levels when he is at the Cardiff headquarters. He also believes that an organization should not only give the employees a good working environment but should also give them a pack of activities to keep them fresh, that’s why he has set annual competitions for his staff. All in all Henry Engelhart is an innovative leader with a vibrant spirit to keep his employees motivated, he gives them a sense of free will while also keeping certain authorities to himself only. This new leadership style and charisma which he has attracted me towards taking his opinions on the new divergent leadership styles and the dynamism a leader needs in this new business world. The questions asked are in the appendix section of this paper. The interview responses made it clear to me that leadership is now all about adapting to new roles and ideas and is no longer a set of rigid traits and thinking capabilities, like it was many years ago. Most of the questions dealt with the acquisition of information regarding the many roles that Mr. Henry has played during his career, the conclusion to which, derived by the responses of him, determined that even staying in only one department for a couple of years requires many interpersonal and professional leadership roles to be entertained by a leader (Rothwell et al, 2001). There was more information possessed when Mr. Henry was asked about the leadership strengths that he has developed in the so far tenure of his career, and i t was surprising to know that his leadership strength came from the attainment of these different leadership roles. He explained them as an observational journey in the world of leadership, making him earn strength at each and every check post he crossed. He also added that the journey was not easy as there were many nerve wrecking times when he thought he would not be able to deliver as required but he managed to overcome all such obstacles through the use of an open mind. Open mind, he added, is the basic criteria to transform you into the many diversified roles of leadership required at different stages of one’s leadership career. Motivation of employees, as explained by him, is all a matter of making a need assessment of all employees at different organizational levels and stages as the need patterns are often the product of an unsatisfactory working environment which takes employees away from attaining job satisfaction. Employee needs are loosely satisfied at the bottom of organization and the satisfaction meter moves up as we travel upwards in the chain of command of an organization; this makes the upper management attain job satisfaction, leaving the labor class away from this fruitful accomplishment, leaving them unsatisfied. An unsatisfied workforce, he said, leads to slower growing organizations, this is where leadership roles need changes

What is Technology, Green Architecture and Green Electricity Essay - 1

What is Technology, Green Architecture and Green Electricity - Essay Example The whole is undoubtedly a vital components for organization as it upholds security, embeds flexibility and allows corporations to implement a modern IT system. The problem that majority companies faced with the traditional IT infrastructure consists of several problems. One of the critical problems is the fact that it takes high energy costs. In addition, the traditional mainframe networks take too much space. Furthermore, the heat that is generated through these servers must be cooled. In fact, recent studies have found that organizations achieved on average an 18% reduction in their budget from green computing and a 16% reduction in data costs. Hence, green technology should be embraced by organizations because it is cost-effective, flexible, and provides safe process of security protocols. As society progressed to 21st century, the criteria of defining and creating a feasible IT infrastructure continue to be a huge focal point for many companies. As mentioned above, many servers tend to create a huge problem with the traditional IT infrastructure. The problem with this idea is the fact that 90% of the time servers are not fully utilized. In order to combat this huge problem, the IT department attempts to install more applications. However, that is only a â€Å"band-aid† approach to a long-term problem. The result often times is the fact that that this solution is ineffective and unreliable. As the accumulation of factors such as: high energy costs, space issues, and generating heat become a huge issue, companies must seek a new and better solution that is available. Hence, Green technology is a cost-effective solution because it is a revolutionary. Green architecture is highly crucial in 21st century because it allows architectures to create solid foundation of building at a micro level. The concept of nanotechnology has became a crucial aspect for creating architecture since it is a

DNA fingerprinting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

DNA fingerprinting - Research Paper Example For example, if a single DNA strand looks like this: A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G, then the strand of DNA bound to it can be this: T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C. the section of DNA can be together represented as follows: DNA fingerprinting is used in differentiating people. This is because the chemical structure of DNA of everyone is the same. The only distinctive feature between people or animals is the base pairs’ order. DNA of each person has many millions of base pairs, and everyone has a distinct sequence. Through the use of these sequences, every individual person can be solely identified by their base pairs’ sequence. The task is however time consuming due to the many millions of base pairs. Scientists have been able to do this through a shorter method due to the repeating patterns in DNA (Pena 97). The patterns however do not give fingerprint of individuals, but can determine whether two samples of DNA are from one individual, non-related people, or related persons. The sequences of DNA used by scientists are known to vary from person to person. This helps them in analysis for probability of a match. Maternity and Paternity: since individuals inherits his or her VNTRSs from the parents, its patterns can be used in the establishment of maternity or paternity of a person. The patterns are very specific, and a parental VNTR pattern can even be reconstructed if the VNTR pattern of the children is known. Analysis of parent to child VNTR pattern has been used widely in solving standard cases of father identification and even complicated cases of legal nationality confirmation, as well as in instances of biological parenthood and adoption. Criminal Identification and Forensics: DNA isolated from skin cells, hair, blood, or any other genetic evidence left at crime scene can be compared via patterns of VNTR, with the criminal suspect’s DNA in order to determine innocence or guilt.

Criterion Referenced Tests and the Norm Referenced Tests Research Paper

Criterion Referenced Tests and the Norm Referenced Tests - Research Paper Example This essay highlights that  the criterion-referenced tests are intended to measure a person understands of a specific concept or skills that were required and are usually used in job evaluations and also in acquiring licenses. Under the CRT the tests are either a pass or a fail for a particular test since it tests if one has conceptualized a given concept or skill or not. The norm-referenced tests on the other hand are used to compare a given examinee with the other examinees. Under the norm-standard tests the examinees are given a similar test and they are compared against the results of each other that are put on a graph where the normal distribution is analyzed and the other extremes on either side of the curve are also characterized.  This discussion stresses that  the norm-referenced tests are usually used in schools and in grading students to understand the students that can make it to the next level as they are used to test their capability in the specific subjects and h ow they relate to their development educationally. As opposed to the CRT where there are no ranks but only a pass or a fail the ranking system is the most important aspect of the NRT system since the students that will pass and those that have failed need to be known to the teacher or practitioner.  The NRTs use criteria where the student is compared with other students in the classroom to gauge their capability in comparison to their peers.

DNA fingerprinting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

DNA fingerprinting - Research Paper Example For example, if a single DNA strand looks like this: A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G, then the strand of DNA bound to it can be this: T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C. the section of DNA can be together represented as follows: DNA fingerprinting is used in differentiating people. This is because the chemical structure of DNA of everyone is the same. The only distinctive feature between people or animals is the base pairs’ order. DNA of each person has many millions of base pairs, and everyone has a distinct sequence. Through the use of these sequences, every individual person can be solely identified by their base pairs’ sequence. The task is however time consuming due to the many millions of base pairs. Scientists have been able to do this through a shorter method due to the repeating patterns in DNA (Pena 97). The patterns however do not give fingerprint of individuals, but can determine whether two samples of DNA are from one individual, non-related people, or related persons. The sequences of DNA used by scientists are known to vary from person to person. This helps them in analysis for probability of a match. Maternity and Paternity: since individuals inherits his or her VNTRSs from the parents, its patterns can be used in the establishment of maternity or paternity of a person. The patterns are very specific, and a parental VNTR pattern can even be reconstructed if the VNTR pattern of the children is known. Analysis of parent to child VNTR pattern has been used widely in solving standard cases of father identification and even complicated cases of legal nationality confirmation, as well as in instances of biological parenthood and adoption. Criminal Identification and Forensics: DNA isolated from skin cells, hair, blood, or any other genetic evidence left at crime scene can be compared via patterns of VNTR, with the criminal suspect’s DNA in order to determine innocence or guilt.

Intercultural Research and Interview Assignment Essay

Intercultural Research and Interview Assignment - Essay Example Grace Brown grew up is a neighbor who grew up in San Jose, California. She grew up in a small family with a single mother and a brother who is two years younger than she is. As many single mothers are, Grace’s mother was always busy with her jobs in the office and at home. Consequently, there was not much conversation Grace had with her especially about matters like cultures and races. She claims that perhaps what influenced her more about her perceptions about Vietnamese is the neighborhood wherein he grew up. She had a few Vietnamese neighbors whose children her age became her playmates. She recalls that she once had a girlfriend who sometimes invited her to their house to play with her toys. She was always glad to join her because she did not like staying at home with her brother and their caretaker. The mother of her Vietnamese girlfriend was very friendly who was always ready with a big smile to welcome her whenever she knocks at their door or even when she is still a few meters away calling for her friend. She says the mother often talked with broken English because they just arrived in the country just a few years so that she was not yet able to communicate well in English. Sometimes, Grace says, her playmate has to explain to her the things her mother is telling her because oftentimes, even if she was speaking in English, she was not able to understand what she was saying. According to her, the words seemed strange and unrecognizable. However, she loved to listen to the woman because she had a soft voice and whenever she spoke with her friend in their language, the conversation came quite funny but enjoyable. As a child, she perceived all Vietnamese as soft-spoken, loving and hospitable. Grace says she liked the way her friend’s family treated each other because they seemed to be so full of love. Growing up without a father, Grace admired her friend’s father who seemed to be always present in the house although her friend says he wo rked at a restaurant. She thinks her friend’s childhood was more complete and enjoyable because of the presence of both her mother and father. Consequently, this made her make up her mind to someday find a man like her friend’s father who will not just be able to perform his duties as a breadwinner but as a helper in the upbringing of the children as well. Grace thinks that perhaps the most misconstrued images of Vietnamese is that, since they do not speak English well, speaking with them is just a waste of time. Such problem is rampant among them that they are often shouted at by American employers, storeowners or neighbors. She says she once witnessed an American storeowner who was calling a Vietnamese customer names because she was taking much of the storekeeper’s time. She felt sorry for the customer but she did not do anything to defend her or at least help her with her needs and this made her feel guilty. With such an experience, Grace says that people sho uld try to be more understanding and considerate about other races and cultures because sometimes, the color of one’s skin or the language one speaks is not after all what defines a person but his actions and thoughts. She then suggests that in order to understand the Vietnamese better, one should learn to speak their language if it is the easier way of communicating with them rather than wait

Slide animation Essay Example for Free

Slide animation Essay Successful presenting entails focusing on important points, controlling the flow of information, and holding the audience’s interest in the presentation. We can include two types of animation — within a slide and from slide to slide. Animation on a slide, often called builds, determines how and when objects on the slide appear. Animation from slide to slide, called transitions, specifies how a new slide appears after the previous slide disappears. The last version of the PowerPoint includes powerful animation effects and features. Animation can certainly enliven a presentation, but too much animation will distract the audience from the main message. All professionals make the same point about animation — pick one or two effects and stick to them. This principle applies to both animation on a slide and transitions between slides. Animating objects has an additional purpose — to focus the audience’s attention on what one is saying. To animate a slide, one needs to know what he is going to say while that slide is displayed — and in what order. He then uses that order to determine the order in which the objects appear on the slide. Object animation is sometimes called a build because the objects build up on the screen, one after another. One can control the following aspects of the animation: †¢ How the object appears. †¢ In what grouping the object appears. For example, text most often appears paragraph by paragraph but can appear by the word or even by the letter. †¢ Whether the animation occurs when one clicks the mouse or automatically after a preset number of seconds. †¢ Whether a sound plays during the animation. †¢ What happens, if anything, after the animation. For example, one can change the color of a previously displayed object when the next object appears or hide it completely. For a quick solution, PowerPoint offers animation schemes — a complete group of settings that one can quickly assign to a slide or presentation. Animation schemes apply only to slide titles and text placeholders. To animate other objects the custom animation is used. Several animation schemes also include slide transitions. When one animates placeholder text, all the text in the placeholder is considered one object. However, it is automatically animated paragraph by paragraph — that is, bullet by bullet, which is usually what is wanted. To animate by word or even letter, the custom animation is used too. For more control over animation, than the animation schemes proposed one need to create own settings. New features of custom animation include attaching more than one animation type to an object, animating an object along a path, and animating an object when another object is clicked. The number of the animation options that are included is vast. One can also animate objects such as AutoShapes and text boxes. Because these objects often serve to draw attention anyway, adding animation to them only increases the effect. One can animate WordArt text too. Another type of animation controls how each new slide appears. Because these effects control the transition from one slide to another, they are called transitions. While some of these effects have the same names as animations, they look quite different when applied to an entire slide. Transitions, like slide animation, has to be used with reserve. Many options are available, but that doesn’t mean that one should use them all in one presentation. One of the best solutions is to choose a simple transition and apply it to every slide in the presentation. If the presentation is divided into sections, one could use a second transition to introduce each new section.

CRISP methodology

CRISP methodology Well we got 2 data sets to analysis using SPSS PASW 1) Wine Quality Data Set and 2) The Poker Hand Data Set. We can do this using CRISP methodology. Let us look what is CRISP by wikipedia CRISP-DM stands for Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining It is a data mining process model that describes commonly used approaches that expert data miners use to tackle problems. PASW Modeler is a data mining workbench that enables you to quickly develop predictive models using business expertise and deploy them into business operations to improve decision making. Designed around the industry-standard CRISP-DM model, IBM SPSS PASW Modeler supports the entire data mining process, from data to better business results. CRISP DM, Clementines own lightweight methodology of 5 stages Business Understanding, Data Understanding, Data Preparation Modelling, Evaluation and Deployment. CRISP Methodology Business Understanding: Understanding the project requirements objectives from a business perspective, and then converting this knowledge into a data mining problem definition Data understanding In this step following activities are going on, Data understanding, Collecting Initial Data then describing Data, Exploring Data and lastly verifying Data Quality The data preparation phase Tasks include table, record, and attribute selection as well as transformation and cleaning of data for modeling tools.Cleaning Data using appropriate cleaning and cleansing strategies then Integrating Data into a single point. Modeling: Selection and application of various modeling techniques done in this phase, and their parameters are adjusted to optimal values. Basically, there are more than one technique for the same data mining problem type. Some techniques have specific requirements on the form of data. Therefore, stepping back to the data preparation phase is often needed. Steps consist of Generating a Test Design, Building the Models assessing the Model Evaluation Building of model (or models) takes place in this phase. Before proceeding to final deployment of the model, it is important to more thoroughly evaluate the model, and review the steps executed to construct the model. Deployment In the final stage Knowledge gained is organized presented so that an end user can easily use it. As per the requirements this can be a report or a complex data mining process. Normally Customers carry out the deployment step Wine quality data set Wine quality is modeled under classification and regression approaches, which preserves the order of the grades. Explanatory knowledge is given in terms of a sensitivity analysis, which measures the response changes when a given input variable is varied through its domain The red wine data set contains 1600 samples out of which I have selected 200 random samples and doing the analysis(Data mining cannot discover patterns that may be present in the larger body of data if those patterns are not present in the sample being mined ) .So I selected the data set bearing in mind. The data set I have selected has high confidence. With measurements of 13 chemical constituents (e.g. alcohol, Mg) and the goal is to find the quality of red and white wine. Input variables 1 fixed acidity 2 volatile acidity 3 citric acid 4 residual sugar 5 chlorides 6 free sulphur dioxide 7 total sulfur dioxide 8 density 9 pH 10 sulphates 11 alcohol Output variable is quality (score between 0 and 10) CRISP methodology has been followed through out the phase .By checking the web site and resources learned about the wine domain .the next step was to check whether incorrect, missing or abnormal values in the data set end ensure the data quality. Data quality of the data set is very good. PASW Data stream classification of red and white wines Classification for Red and White wine 2 data sets red wine and white wine have been imported using variable file nodes Use of type node here is to describe the characteristics of data. . The Classification and Regression (CR) Tree node is a tree-based classification and prediction method. Similar to C5.0, this method uses recursive partitioning to split the training records into segments with similar output field values. The CR Tree node starts by examining the input fields to find the best split, measured by the reduction in an impurity index that results from the split. The split defines two subgroups, each of which is subsequently split into two more subgroups, and so on, until one of the stopping criteria is triggered. All splits are binary (only two subgroups) Red Wines variable importance White wine variable importance From variable importance diagram we can say that important attribute to determine Red wine quality is pH. The variable importance is in the order pH, citric acid, chloride as shown in the figure1. But for determining White wines quality the most contributing attribute is chloride and 2nd attribute is Alcohol. Analysis and conclusion The above generated tree consists of nodes and its children. The top node represent the total number of wine samples and how many number belongs to different categories(1 to 9).The first split is on chloride. This implies that most of the wine belongs to chloride level0.041.We see that good quality wine has chloride level It has been found from count Vs Quality graph that how many belongs to good quality categories. Alcoholic concentration of white wine samples is more than that of red wine sample. Good wines normally have high concentration. So we can conclude that White wine samples are good. In the white wine chloride level is normally high that implies it has got good Aroma. Where as in red wine the citric level is between particular levels that shows the red wine is very tasty!! PASW has got a number of 2-D and 3-D charts like bar, pie, histogram, scatter etc for time being I am using linear graph and 3-d scatter graph. You can use any of the graph as per the requirements. Some graphs are easy to interpret .Let us consider a 2-D graph between most contributing variable pH and quality from the graph it is clear that the relation ship between pH and quality is in such a way that if pH is in between 3.23 and 3.27 quality is good. Quality is very low for 3.38 and 3.50.We can plot similar graph between quality and citric acid or towards what ever contributing variable then find out the relation ship between them Let us plot a graph between chloride and Quality for the white wine. In the below figure it shows the quality is very good when chloride level below 0.036.And quality in the range 5 to 6 when chloride level is above .048. Like this if plot a graph between quality and alcohol we will see the quality is too good if alcoholic concentration in between 12.5 and 13(as per the sample I have analyzed) 3D graph which shows the relation ship between alcohol, quality and chloride level of white wine from the 2d analysis it was shown how the quality is being affected by single variable. If the one variable does not tell about how quality being related we can check relation ship between 3 variables using a 3d graph. It is having 3 axes. How Regression is useful In this multiple regression ,Predictors such as (Constant), alcohol, fixed acidity, residual sugar, chlorides, volatile acidity, free sulfur dioxide, sulphates, pH, total sulfur dioxide, citric acid, density determine the value of quality. Below gave a Pasw stream for regression. Each by changing the independent variables value we can get value of dependent variable quality. With the help of a hypothesis we need to understand and build a relation ship among the variables. To predict the mean quality value for a given independent variable (say volatile acidity) we need a line which passes between the mean value of both quality and volatile acidity and which minimize the sum of distance between each of the points and predictive line. This fits into a line. The Poker Hand Data Set Each record is an example of a hand consisting of five playing cards drawn from a standard deck of 52. Each card is described using two attributes (suit and rank), for a total of 10 predictive attributes. There is one Class attribute that describes the Poker Hand. The order of cards is important and there are 480 possible Royal Flush hands. Below discussing about how to determine poker hands using data mining. I am considering classification only. If we consider clustering/Regression it does not make any sense PASW MODEL CLASSIFICATION USING CRT ALGORITHAM We got training and testing data set .First applying a model on training data set. Source file is a Comma separated file (CSV) with 1 million rows. It is difficult to do analyse on this input data set so selected sample data set and doing the analysis. Problem faced The given source data was not in a meaning full format so I have given meaningful attribute name and Values by using Vlookup function in MS excel, now the data has become more meaning full and it looks like below. Data cleansing is very important and comes under data preparation phase of the methodology Accuracy of predictive model The accuracy of predictive model is checked by analysis node. It has been found that accuracy is 90%. Using the Algorithm need to predict any of these: 0: Nothing in hand; 1: One pair;2: Two pairs;3: Three of a kind;4: Straight;5: Flush; 6: Full house;7: Four of a kind;8: Straight flush;9: Royal flush; Let me say what did I understood from the diagram. Rank2 (rank of card2) is most contributing variable to predict poker hands. It is clear that Rank of 1st, 4th and 2nd cards are more contributing than suit of those cards. The different section of pie chart represents number of cards in a particular poker category. Blue represents No Poker; Red represents ONE PAIR, Green represent Royal flesh How Pasw helps to do classification Pasw has got number tree constructing algorithms(CR, c5.0) to do classification. I considered Classification and Regression (CR) though this is not a time efficient algorithm time complexity is more when compared to c5.0)I selected CR.The data set I have got is simple one and I am not considering the deep analysis all I need to do is to predict poker hands so CR can do it. Below shows the constructed tree using CR (Ashort description of tree already given above) Analysis Data has been classified into Training set and Testing set .Here most of the data set into a training set and small portion of data is used for testing.After a model has been processed by using the Training set, we can test the model by making predictions against the Test set. Since the data in the training set already contains known values for the attribute that you want to predict. Below giving the portion of training set being used. Abstract Now-a-days Using the high power computing and information technology enables to collect store and process complex Marketing data. Data mining is used to extract knowledge from this marketing data. This report discuss about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used Introduction From the given topics I have selected the topic Data mining and Knowledge discovery for marketing since my cup of tea is Business and computing. I would always like to do research in Business analytics .Well let us look at what is data mining Data mining is the process of discovery of interesting, meaningful and actionable patterns hidden in large amounts of data . This is one of the tools to transform data into information. It is widely used in almost all fields of science and business profiling practice such as marketing, fraud detection, and scientific discovery. The technique to uncover pattern on data can also apply on sample data .so the sample data should be so the sample should be a good representative of larger data set. data mining can not find out the pattern which may be present in larger body of data and not contains in the small sub set of data. So this is very useful when sufficiently represented data are collected Most well known branches of data mining is knowledge discovery or KDD It derives knowledge from input data .This knowledge which have got from the process will become additional data and can be used for further discovery in related field normally an analyst can analysis and predict it.DM can generate thousands of pattern but all these patterns are not interested and useful. In this I am considering Data mining in a marketing field prospective. The data coming from different sources like transactions, loyalty cards, and discount coupons; customer complaint calls public life style studies using this data we can make Target marketing like n to identify appropriate customer segments for new marketing initiatives n determine customer purchasing pattern over time n associations/co-relations between product sales, predict based on such association I mean cross market analysis n what type of customer buys what type of product that is customer profilin n Predict likelihood of customer churn and target those likely to leave with retention campaigns n Customer requirement analysis like Identify the best products for different groups of customers and Predict what factors will attract new customers n Provision of summary information such as Multidimensional summary reports and Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation) Another question is why can not we go for a traditional data analysis instead of data mining? Answer is the field like marketing has tremendous Amount of data and it has multi dimension and complexity.A Marketing firm would likely to segment their customers into similar groups or clusters in order to better understand consumer behavior and more effectively market their products. In the past for a small business initiatives did not have trouble to understand their customers. They knew what they have to do once a customer approach them .Todays business is more competitive, more customer oriented, more products oriented so it is very difficult to understand the customer behavior, wants, needs the hidden relation ship between the data and preferences. With the help of data mining an analyst can deliver timely, personalized promotional offers. Normally in the huge DWH data mining environment data coming from various sources integrated and put it in data warehousing. Various data mining soft wares like teradata intelligent miners are used to mine Tera bytes of data and find market prediction. As I mentioned the DM is a Tools for developing predictive and descriptive models. Some are statistical method such as regression. Other use non statistical method like neural networks, classification trees. Here I considered some important tools then their How Classification trees are being used in marketing data mining Classification tree partition the data to maximize the difference in the dependent variable. it is also called a decision tree. Aim of classification tree is to classify the data into distinct groups or branches that create the strongest separation in the values of the dependent variables.The tree can identify segments. This can be helpful when a company is trying to understand what is driving market behavior. It detects nonlinear relationship. The tree growth is through series of steps and rules .say for example sales pieces were mailed to 100000 names and yielded a response rate of 2.6%.the first split is on gender. This indicates that greatest difference between responders and non responders is gender. We see that males are much more responsive than females. We would consider males the better target group If we stop after one split. Our goal is to find out group with in both genders that discriminates between responders and non responders. In the next level split male and female groups are considered separately The second level split from the male node is on income, this implies that the income level varies in most between responders and non responders among the males. For female greatest difference is among the age group .It is very easy to identify the group with the highest response rate. Lets say that management decides to mail only to groups where the response rate is more than 3.5%.the offers would be directed to males who makes more than  £30000 a year and female over age 40 Some typical Classification tree Algorithms are 1) C4.5: Quinlan, J. R. C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann., 1993. 2) CART: L. Breiman, J. Friedman, R. Olshen, and C. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984 Linear regression and its applicability in marketing Knowledge of deviation from normal is very important for a marketer. In the past such deviations were very difficult to detect. Now-a-days data mining tools give great flexibility to detect and classify these changes. It is a statistical technique that quantifies the relationship between dependent variable and the independent variable, these are continuous. Consider the below equation, it shows a relation ship between sales and advertising along the regression equation .Our goal is to predict the sales based on the amount spend on advt. Plot a graph sales vs. advt that would be linear. A key measure of the strength of the relationship is the R-square. It measures the amount of overall variation in data that explained by the model. More than 70% Of the variation in sales can be explained by variation in advertising. Some times the relationship between sales and Advt is non linear (may be curvilinear) .By using the square root of advertising we are able to find better fit for the data. When building targeting models for marketing, risk and CRM, it is common to have much predictive variable. Using multiple predictive or independent continuous variables to predict a single continuous variable is called multiple linear regression .Targeting model created using linear regression is generally very robust. In marketing they can be used alone or in combination with other model. Neural Networks and its applicability in marketing Neural network does not follow any statistical distribution (Neural network is very vast topic a complete discussion is beyond the scope of this report) .it is modeled after the function of the human brain. The process is one of pattern recognition and error minimization. we can say it as nodes that are arranged in layers. The figure tells simple neural network with one hidden layer. Data has been classified into training and testing set (before the process).Then weight or input is assigned to each of the nodes in the first layer. During each iteration ,the input are processed through the system and compared to the actual value .the error is measured and fed back through the system to adjust the weights. The weights get better at predicting the actual results. A error limit is defined and it check with the error limit the process finishes when the minimum error limit reached One specific type of neural network commonly used in marketing uses sigmoidal functions to fit each node. This technique is very powerful in fitting a binary or twoilevel outcome such as response to an offer or a default on a loan Neural network not only pick linear data but also do a good pick up with non linear relation ship in the data. So this allows fitting data which is not possible to fit using regression. One disadvantage we can say that the result of neural net work is some what difficult to interpret A brief description on how Clustering can applicable in data mining Cluster analysis Cluster analysis group respondents with similar behaviors, preferences, or characteristics into segments. By doing so we can understand important similarities and differences between the respondents. Analyst can use this information to develop targeted marketing strategies, or to provide subgroups for analysis. In market survey data, clustering enables market researchers to group respondents who provide similar responses on several questions. In Clustering we use more than one variable that analyzes responses to several questions in order to find similar respondents. Clustering is based on the concept of creating groups based on their proximity to, or distance from, each other. Respondents within a cluster, therefore, are relatively homogenous. Most widely used Algorithms are 1)K-Means: MacQueen, J. B., Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations, in Proc. 5th Berkeley Symp. Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967 2) BIRCH: Zhang, T., Ramakrishna, R., and Livny, M. 1996. BIRCH: an efficient data clustering method for very large databases. In SIGMOD 96 Let us look at some more major areas of application of data mining in the marketing like Customer profiling, Deviation analysis and Trend analysis. The pattern which formed after mining the data helps in analytics.M Customer profiling This help to predict several marketing decision. A customer profile is a model of customer based on this marketer decides on the right strategies and tactics to meet the needs of that customer .The data mining task used in customer profiling can be dependency analysis, class identification and concept description. Below giving set of transaction that can help marketer to construct useful customer profiles. Frequency of purchases Marketing firm can build targeted promotion offer such as frequent buyer programs by looking how often their customer purchases product from their shop. Rcency of purchases The meaning of term is How long has it been since this customer last placed an order? Suppose a customer frequently visit the shop.It has been found that the specific customer or customer group not visiting the firm over long period of time .Market investigate the reason. By knowing this they can take appropriate offer or action. Size of purchases It tells, on a particular transaction how much he or she spends. This information helps to give resources to those customer groups. Identifying typical customer groups It gives characteristics of each group .For example a profile indicating that the customer has purchased a WINDOWS 7 SOFTWARE CD may hold to the marketer offering a special deal for MICROSOFT OFFICE SOFTWARE CD. Prospecting Customer profiles like buying patterns, give clues to the marketer on prospective customers. Say for example, consider the pattern Purchase of Norton Anti Virus package with one year validity is followed by purchase of Norton Up gradation version /or new version within 11 months about 85% of the time by high income customers discovered by data mining. Analyst who analysis pattern can identify the prospective customers for Upgraded/new version based on first time purchase details and tailor the mail catalog accordingly, thus, increasing the prospect of sales. 2 Deviation analysis Deviation analysis is one of the important analysis for example a higher than normal credit purchase on a credit card can be a fraud anomaly or a genuine purchase by the customer changes.Once a deviation has been discovered as a fraud, the marketer takes appropriate steps to prevent such frauds and initiates corrective action.If the deviation has been discovered as a change, further information collection is necessary. For example, a change can be that a customer got a new job and moved to a new house. In this case, the marketer has to update the knowledge about the customer. 3) Trend analysis Trends are patterns that persist over a period of time. Trends could be short-term trends like the immediate increase and subsequent slow decrease of sales following a sales campaign. Or, trends could be long-term, like the slow flattening of sales of a product over a few years. Data mining tools, such as visualization, help us detect trends, sometimes very subtle and hidden in the database, which would have been missed using traditional analysis tools like scatter plots. In marketing decisions, trends can be used for evaluating marketing programs or to forecast future sales. The market basket analysis gives the relationship between different product purchased by a customer .Using this techniques we can develop marketing strategy for promoting product that have dependency relationship in customers mind. Class identification It groups customers into classes which are defined in advance. Mathematical taxonomy and clustering are being used for class identification task. What the first one does is it maximizes the similarity with in classes but minimize similarity between classes. In clustering approach it determine the clustering according to attribute similarity as well as conceptual cohesiveness as defined by domain knowledge (describe above). A company doing business over the net, based on the session log data of internet users, the firm can classify the web users into email only users Surfers or Just for fun Surfer etc This kind of softwares allows the market research team or concerned people to view complex 3-D and 2-D patterns. They also provide drill down drill up slice facilities. In the KDD (knowledge discovery from data base) process, data visualization is used in association with other tasks such as dependency analysis, class identification, deviation detection and clustering. IBM SPSS PASW has got good data visualization techniques. Some of them are explained in Part 1 of the report. Conclusion Report discussed about Data mining process, short discussion about different mining techniques such as classification tree, neural network, Regression and their application in marketing domain. My report Also cover different type of analyzes and tasks being used. Most of the big firms in the UK already implemented data mining environment for their business analytics. Some disadvantages may be difficulty to find out data mining expert and building the environment is costly. With regards to data mining privacy is another issue organization are most concerned about.

A Clockwork Orange - Calculated Captivity :: essays research papers

Calculated Captivation "Goodness comes from within, 6655321. Goodness is something to be chosen. When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man." In Anthony Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange, a sadistic adolescent of the not-so-distant future is ‘rehabilitated’ of his violent nature by a special conditioning treatment. This fifteen year-old hoodlum Alex McDowell is ‘cured’ of his savage activities but when released back into a still violent society, he is a misfit. Anthony Burgess’ skillful art of manipulation is able to change the reader’s opinion from hating Alex for his malicious ways, to feeling captivated by him, as he becomes a ‘victim of a modern age’. To understand how this deception is accomplished it is important to examine the major turning points in Alex’s life, and how Burgess presents them. To begin, Burgess displays Alex’s villainous disposition, which causes the reader to hate and resent him. Through the aid of the State’s treatment Alex is reformed, at which point Burgess allows the reader to determine and develop an opinion of whether this treatment is morally acceptable or not. In the end however it is obvious that Alex has become a true "Clockwork Orange’ and despite the previous opinion of the reader, Burgess reveals the outcome in a way that causes a sense of relief and is pleased to see Alex back to ‘normal’. It is fascinating to consider that Burgess may have written A Clockwork Orange as a prophetic view of warning to future societies. He was a peaceful person who didn’t want the stark consequences of the fictional Alex to become a grim reality. Through the first of three parts in the novel Burgess displays Alex as the embodiment of all that society would like to ignore or eliminate - but can’t. This first person narrative is told by Alex a youth of fifteen, who spends his nights with his "droogs", terrorizing the public with their bits of "ultra violence" and engaging in the old "in-out in-out". He beats the elderly, fights other gangs with his "britva", robs stores, breaks into houses, rapes young girls, drinks milk laced with drugs (moloko) and is eventually convicted of murder. Burgess portrays the immature Alex, as a mixture of good and evil possibilities with evil taking the upper hand. As the reader is taken deeper into Al ex’s morbidly exciting world, he/she begins to feel complete hatred towards Alex. Not only does Burgess permit Alex to commit such heinous crimes, he describes them in a very disturbing manner.

My Philosophy of Education :: Teaching Progressivism Careers Essays

My Philosophy of Education Students for the most part are eager and willing to learn when placed in the proper environment. The attitude of the student is very crucial when it comes to if and how much the student is going to learn. The classroom environment is a major determinant of a student’s attitude. Students need to be taught several aspects of society by an instructor who is able to motivate and encourage. As a teacher I hope to improve the life of my students by providing them the information and ideas which will allow them to excel. Hopefully I can keep the attention of my students by involving them in the classroom and allowing them to participate in the running of the classroom. My involvement in the teaching of science on the secondary level will encourage the students to learn more about this wonderful universe of ours, what makes it work, and all the great aspects which makeup this universe. How else could I influence so many people and be a positive role model for child ren to make them want to succeed and thrive in live? My fellow classmates throughout public school were very willing to learn when placed in the right situations. Classes which revolved around the students being able to make suggestions, be involved in activities, and participate in classroom discussion were very conducive to learning. On the other hand, classes which involved a teacher lecturing and constantly passing out orders and ultimatums were not nearly as successful. Students make a decision very quickly once a new class starts on if they are going to go along with the plan and try to learn, or if they are going to shut out the teacher and be unwilling to learn. All students are not the same but for the most part there are a few self-motivated students who will not be affected by such conditions, while the majority will need the environment which encourages them to learn and succeed. I agree with Plato on this idea of having natural born leaders who are motivated and then those auxiliary members who are obe dient but not willing to participate or push themselves.

Multiple Sclerosis Research essay Essay

More than 2.3 million people are diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis worldwide. There are currently 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. And about 200 new cases are diagnosed every week (Multiple Sclerosis FAQs). Neurologists prescribe these patients with corticosteroids, either oral or through IV. Although scientists have found no cure to multiple sclerosis, corticosteroids have been used to successfully treat relapses and potentially stop progressive-relapsing and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. To start off with, multiple sclerosis is a disease of the central nervous system. It damages the protective coating around the nerve fibers that sends messages to all parts of your body controlling muscle and sensory activity. It is an autoimmune disease, this is when your body’s own immune system attacks itself. As the damage to protective coating around the nerve fibers increase, it becomes a process known as demyelination where the coating is destroyed. These nerves then become less and less capable at sending messages. As the messages escape they become weaker, leading to difficulty in controlling muscles in different parts of your body. Even when damage occurs to the myelin, it sometimes repairs through internal body repair devices. Described as inflammation at the site of the damage becomes less over time. The rate at which the myelin is damaged is faster than the rate at which repair happens, so the damage becomes more throughout the central nervous system. This damage is known as lesions that take the form of patchy  scarring (Managing Your †¦). Patients and doctors together recognize what the disease does and how it affects your body; still they acknowledge that corticosteroids treat the inflammation and reduce that inflammation. Furthermore, there are some patterns, anyone can develop multiple sclerosis. More women than men have multiple sclerosis and the percentage keeps increasing as years go by. There is no direct evidence that multiple sclerosis is inherited. Some studies suggest environmental factors, like low Vitamin D have increased the risk of multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis occurs in all ethnic groups, but is most common in Caucasians of European ancestry. When men and women develop multiple sclerosis it usually takes a long time to diagnose. In the early stages of multiple sclerosis, symptoms multiple sclerosis suggest several diseases of the nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging help give a definite diagnoses since there is no laboratory test available to diagnose multiple sclerosis (Multiple Sclerosis FAQs). As you can see, this means anyone, even if no one in your family has multiple sclerosis, can develop it. Secondly, there are several different symptoms multiple sclerosis that develop when you have multiple sclerosis. Symptoms multiple sclerosis are different for every person; usual symptoms multiple sclerosis of relapses include optic neuritis, limb weakness, numbness, imbalance, light-headedness, and loss of facial strength. In more serious multiple sclerosis, such as in progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis, symptoms multiple sclerosis include fatigue, and depression. Relapses usually range from days to weeks and self-fixed around weeks to months. Neurologists use Corticosteroids for selected relapses that have reoccurring symptoms multiple sclerosis and increasingly get worse through-out the relapse. Around fifty percent of neurologists use them for all relapses (Mechanistic Insights†¦). This states that even patient that have the same type of multiple sclerosis as you, you may have different symptoms multiple sclerosis and be given different treatments for your relapses, de pendent on how sever they may be. Finally, steroids in general are found naturally in plants and animals, but  corticosteroids are those particular steroids released into the bloodstream by the adrenal gland. People with multiple sclerosis relapses who are being treated with corticosteroids show that the corticosteroids work by decreasing the levels of the depraved immune substances and by making the cell membranes of the white cells more flexible and less sticky. Other evidence suggests that there is also an effect on the way the brain interprets the messages coming to it from the body’s nerves. MRI studies also show that corticosteroids significantly decrease the amount of swelling around individual multiple sclerosis lesions, causing better nerve transmission through these affected areas (Steroids). As this states, corticosteroids are found in the human body and advance the relapses quicker and faster to a safer recover time than in other treatments commonly used like placebo. Furthermore, Corticosteroids are proved not to cure multiple sclerosis but to treat mild relapses. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis they can be treat with Corticosteroids usually consist of tingling in the absence of sensory loss. One major study done by N. M. Milligan, a researcher at University Hospital of Wales, stated that, â€Å"50 patients received methylprednisolone 500mg intravenously for five days or inactive placebo†¦.carried out at 1 to 4 weeks†¦.73 percent of methylprednisolone-treated patients improved compared with 29 percent of methylprednisolone-treated of those on placebo†. The group he tested on contained both relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and Chronic progressive multiple sclerosis, both these patients benefited from methylprednisolone. This study made neurologists, around the world, to start prescribing intravenously methylprednisolone for relapses. One other slightly major study done by Finn Sellebjerg, a professor of neurology at the U niversity of Copenhagen and chief physician at Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, gave 51 patients enduring a relapse less than four weeks to receive oral placebo or oral prednisolone (Corticosteroids) 500mg per day for five days. Results of Sellebjerg states â€Å"†¦1, 3, and 8 weeks, 4 percent, 24 percent, and 32 percent in the placebo group and 31 percent, 54 percent, and 65 percent in the prednisolone group improved one point on the Kurtzke Scale score† these patients also stated that their symptoms multiple sclerosis improved much more with the steroids at 3 and 8 weeks (Steroids).  This states that in most cases, corticosteroids produce patients with shorter relapses times, no side effects when used short term, and reduces the symptoms effect on the patient’s work time, wither they can or cannot work, during the duration of that relapse; compared with placebo, which in most cases, does not have an effect on the patients recovery time, does have miner side effects when even used short term, and does not reduce the symptoms effect on the patient’s capability to work during the relapses. As you can see, both of these studies prove that corticosteroids are the best treatment to us e during or after to manage a relapse. All and all, Corticosteroids may not be the cure for multiple sclerosis but it does help the relapses end faster. It makes it so that people can go back to work and ends relapses faster. It also lets patients potentially stop their progressive-relapsing and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. As a daughter of a mother that has multiple sclerosis, I’m asking you to spread the word of corticosteroid treatment to those who have multiple sclerosis. Works Cited Krieger, Stephen, et al. â€Å"Mechanistic Insights into Corticosteroids in Multiple Sclerosis: War Horse or Chameleon?† _Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery._ 119 (2014): 6-16. _Elservier._ Web. 2 September 2014. In Stephen Krieger’s persuasive article â€Å"Mechanistic Insights into Corticosteroids in Multiple Sclerosis: War Horse or Chameleon?† he discuss cellular, systemic, and clinical characteristics that might contribute to intended and unintended CS effects when utilizing doses in clinical practice. The goal of this article is to consider recent insights about CS mechanism multiple sclerosis of action in the context of MS. A diversity of mechanism multiple sclerosis drive the heterogeneous clinical response to exogenous Corticosteroids in patients with MS. _Multiple Sclerosis FAQs_. National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014. Web. 2 September 2014. In the informative article _Multiple Sclerosis FAQS_ it discussed that multiple sclerosis can cause many symptoms, including blurred vision, loss of balance, poor coordination, slurred speech, tremors, numbness, extreme fatigue, problems multiple sclerosis with memory and concentration, paralysis, and blindness and more. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, unpredictable disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves. The goal of this article is to inform patients about the use of corticosteroid in multiple sclerosis and how it can shorten relapses. Robinson, Ian and F. Clifford Rose â€Å"Managing Your Multiple Sclerosis: Practical Advice to Help You Manage Your Multiple Sclerosis† London: Class, 2004. E-book. Web. 2 Sept In Ian Robinson’s informative e-book â€Å"Managing Your Multiple Sclerosis: Practical Advice to Help You Manage Your Multiple Sclerosis† discussed a practical guide to multiple sclerosis’s management and can provide you with many information sheets on this subject. This book was written by popular demand from patients, who read their articles before, who wanted to know more about practical steps that they could take in their day-to-day living with multiple sclerosis. The goal for this book is to describe multiple sclerosis causes and diagnosis and what steps you can take for different treatments for relapses. _Steroids._ Overcoming Multiple Sclerosis, 2014. Web. 2 September 2014. In the informative article _Steroids,_ discussed that there is convincing evidence that steroids are useful in improving the recovery after a relapse of multiple sclerosis. For most relapses, there should be no delay in starting a short course of steroids. It is probable that steroids delay the  onset of the next episode as well. The goal for this article was to state evidence, studies, done on corticosteroids and how they would be beneficial to use based on that evidence and how they end relapses sooner.

Environmental Analysis Essay

Landfill gas is generated during the decomposition of organic substances in municipal and industrial wastes. Since it is made up of powerful greenhouse gases, primarily methane gas and carbon dioxide, the prevention of escape to atmosphere is desirable and has the added benefit of being utilised as a renewable energy source (Clarke Energy, 2014). One such company focussed on dealing with this issue is Landfill Gas Industries Pty Ltd (L.G.I. Pty Ltd) they are ‘a specialist designer, supplier, installer, and operator of systems that capture, extract and burn gas produced in landfills’ (L.G.I. Pty Ltd, 2014). L.G.I. Pty Ltd has several opportunities that could impact the company’s operations in Australia, such as government regulation, the number of councils and landfills available and the fact that all landfills require a solution to the landfill gas problem. However L.G.I. Pty Ltd also has several threats potentially impacting its operations, for example from large energy generators, large waste companies and opposition to landfill gas. With the continuing pace of global environmental awareness and a general growing consensus about the potential damage of greenhouse gases, the Australian Government may introduction legislation and associated taxation such as the use of carbon credits that are designed punish landfill owners with unabated gas emissions (Department of the Environment, 2011). A company such as L.G.I. Pty Ltd is well placed to install systems that can reduce these emissions and in turn reduce the financial penalties of operating a landfill, many of which are run by local councils and therefore paid for directly by ratepayers. With 565 local government councils in Australia (The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, 2014) and each with a need to process its residents’ garbage, many of which themselves operate landfill sites and/or have legacy landfills within their boundaries. Whilst the market has a finite limit there is considerable appeal for councils to adapt such technologies at their landfills and has the potential to generate ‘huge savings for [councils] and the environment’ (Landfill Gas Pty Ltd, 2008). L.G.I. Pty Ltd is committed to take advantage of councils’ needs by having ‘developed successful landfill gas installations on sites of all scales across Australia’ (Landfill Gas Industries Pty Ltd, 2014). Wherever there is a landfill, there is potential dangers aside from the environmental concerns unless mitigation techniques are employed, such as the risk of fire and explosion which for example  occurred in Loscoe, England in 1986 when a nearby house was destroyed (Danish EPA, 2001). There is also the potential of gas migration to occur below the surface and in turn contaminate the groundwater (Environment Protection Authority, 2008). If a landfill site is not suitable for electricity production, gas mitigation is nonetheless desired for safety and hygiene reasons. L.G.I. Pty Ltd ‘manufactures and installs its own range of state of the art flares’ (Landfill Gas Industries Pty Ltd, 2014) allowing the flammable gases to be safely burnt off. Therefore all current and legacy landfill sites are potential business for L.G.I. Pty Ltd The first major threat to L.G.I. Pty Ltd comes from existing large energy generators, such as AGL, Origin and Energy Australia, these 3 companies have a combined market share of over 60% of the energy sector (IBISWorld, 2014). As these companies have the need to supply electricity to their customers they have the desire to source viable and sustainable generation methods, AGL for example already ‘owns and operates several renewable landfill gas and biogas (sewage) generation facilities across Australia’ (AGL, 2014). If these companies decide to expand in this sector and compete for this resource, they could undermine L.G.I. Pty Ltd’s potential simply by means of more efficient access to financial capital required to setup and by the greater potential political bargaining power they possess such as when competing for tenders. Such as with large energy generators, large waste companies also pose a potential threat for L.G.I. Pty Ltd. Many councils utilise outsourced waste collection, processing, recycling and landfill operators to fulfil their needs. Operators such as Veolia and Sita which operate landfills as part of their business must ‘manage odour across [their] landfills in accordance with the Environmental Protection Licence’ (Sita, 2014). These operators have their own equipment and methods for gas mitigation and therefore pose a threat to L.G.I. Pty Ltd if more councils outsource their waste needs to private companies, they in turn aside from environmental requirements have a commercial obligation to seek profit. There is nonetheless opposition to companies that seek to turn landfill gas into electricity, for several reasons such as its relative high costs, local air pollution but namely it suggests that it is acceptable to dump waste at landfill sites rather than pursue waste minimisa tion or recycling initiatives (Shrank, 2011). Veolia states that it ‘encourages waste  minimisation and recycling’ (Veolia, 2014), however if a financial incentive exists if it fails that endeavour then people are right to be sceptical. The threat of a change in public opinion and awareness towards waste disposal could potentially impact L.G.I. Pty Ltd, particularly if they are seen as not encouraging waste minimisation or if their operations produce an unacceptable amount of air pollution. Landfill gas is an unavoidable by-product of our modern society and it possess several risks if left unmanaged to public health and safety. L.G.I. Pty Ltd is well placed to mitigate these risks and also potentially return a financial benefit to its clients, specifically local councils. In terms of opportunities, L.G.I. Pty Ltd faces a finite barrier in terms of number of landfills in Australia, it may seek to export its expertise to markets overseas to pursue further growth. It may also be of benefit to lobby government to encourage further legislation and taxation penalties regarding greenhouse gas emissions, potentially expanding its market. Of the threats facing L.G.I. Pty Ltd, the biggest is represented by existing the large companies in the electricity generating and waste disposal sectors, who invariable have better access to capital and lobbying power to further develop this industry. Finally, public opinion could negatively impact L.G.I. Pty Ltd if they are seen to be exploiting a resource which ideally should be minimised in the first instance. Clarke Energy, (2014). Landfill Gas | Landfill gas generator. [Online] Available at: http://www.clarke-energy.com/gas-type/landfill-gas/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Landfill Gas Industries Pty Ltd, (2014). Landfill Gas Industries – Renewable Electricity Leaders. [Online] Available at: http://landfillgasindustries.com.au/about-landfill-gas/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Department of the Environment, (2011). Capture and combustion of landfill gas. [Online] Available at: http://www.climatechange.gov.au/reducing-carbon/carbon-farming-initiative/methodologies/methodology-determinations/capture-and-combustion-landfill-gas [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. The Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, (2014). Local Government. [Online] Available at: http://www.regional.gov.au/local/index.aspx [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Landfill Gas Pty Ltd, (2008). Landfill Gas Pty Ltd. [online] Available at: http://www.landfillgas.com.au/home.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Danish EPA, (2001). Miljstyrelsen. [Online] Available at: http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publikationer/2001/87-7944-831-3/html/kap30.htm [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Environment Protection Authority, (2008). Guidelines for groundwater investigation and monitoring for landfills. [Online] Available at: http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/xstd_files/Waste/Public%20consultation/guidelines_landfill.pdf [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. IBISWorld, (2014). Major Companies. [Online] Available at: http://clients1.ibisworld.com.au.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/reports/au/industry/majorcompanies.aspx?entid=2147 [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. AGL, (2014). Landfill Gas and Biogas. [Online] Available at: http://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/how-we-source-energy/renewable-energy/landfill-gas-and-biogas [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Sita, (2014). Landfill Gas Management | SITA Australia. [Online] Available at: http://www.sita.com.au/facilitie s/landfills/landfill-gas-management/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Shrank, S. (2011). Opposition to Waste-to-Energy: A Waste of Waste?. [Online] Worldwatch Institute. Available at: http://blogs.worldwatch.org/revolt/opposition-to-waste-to-energy-a-waste-of-waste/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014]. Veolia, (2014). Recovering Resources from Waste – Veolia Australia and New Zealand. [Online] Available at: http://www.veolia.com.au/municipal-residential/recovering-resources-from-waste [Accessed 8 Aug. 2014].