Bereavement Support for Older Adults

Running Head: Bereavement Support for Older Adults Six Session Group: Bereavement Support for Older Adults Bereavement Support for Older Adults Purpose: To create a safe environment for people to express his or her feelings of grief which will hopefully enable them to reconcile his or her loss and begin to reinvest in life by learning through educational support, coping tools in the absence of a loved one Group Goals/Objectives: To foster self-awareness, healing, new friends, sense of community, support of others, education about grief and learning coping skills through psycho-educational approach.Our goal is to not stop the pain or forget about the loved one but to help members live with the loved memory in a way that doesn’t cause pain. Bereavement Support for Older Adults Outline I. Group Rationale A. Grief is the emotional reaction to a significant loss II. Target Population A. Older Adults a. Bereavement III. Summary A. Mrs. Moore IV. Group Structure & Screening V. Length of Group A. VI. Theories & Techniques A. reminiscence model framework B. Writing/ Journaling C. Art VII. Leadership Style/Skills A. Democratic a. Caring, . Empathetic B. Excellent Communication VIII. Evaluation/Conclusion Bereavement Support for Older Adults Agency: Golden Grief Counseling agency is a bereavement agency that offers services on general grief and loss support group several times throughout the year at various locations in Central Florida. The group typically meets one day a week for about six consecutive weeks. This is a free group, but registration and prescreening evaluation is required to determine the appropriateness of participants to try and obtain group cohesion.All groups will be based on Homogeneity To be eligible to participate potential members must be at least 69 years of age; 3 or 4 months or more after the loss of a loved one(however, some participants may want to join sooner and Golden Grief Counseling agency will respect a bereaved participant interes ts in joining the group based on his or her personal grief journey. Golden Grief Counseling agency certainly realizes what works for one person may not be suitable for the next. 1. Group Rationale:Grief is the emotional reaction to a significant loss, such as the death of a loved one (bereavement) or no longer being independent with activities of daily living. People may use the words â€Å"sorrow† and â€Å"heartache† to describe feelings of grief(Bonifas,2010) Whether an individual loses a beloved person, an animal, place or object, or a valued way of life, such as a job, marriage or good health, some level of grief will naturally follow (Bonifas,2010) For this support group, the focus was on bereavement.Bereavement support groups are increasingly being recognized as an effective way to promote healing through education and support after the loss of a loved one or close friend (Steinberg, 2012). Although support groups Bereavement Support for Older Adults do not full y resolve grief, particularly when they are time limited, but they can promote acceptance that life will be different and that life will be okay and hopeful (Steinberg, 2012) 2. Target Population/Intake:The target population for this proposal is adults 69 years or older due to the transition of becoming a senior adult, the experience can be a greater struggle simply by a person stage of life (Senior Citizen’s Guide, 2013). 3 Selections of Members All potential participants were prescreened by an approved facilitator as to their appropriateness for the group. It is important for each participant to understand the purpose and goals of the group in order to support a positive group experience for all parties involved. 4. Group Structure:The group is intended to be primarily psycho-educational and change oriented group. The main activities of the sessions will center on education about the grieving process, information regarding learning coping skills/tools, healing, sense of com munity, and support of others with an emphasis of self-awareness. The group will be a closed ended group with no new members added once group has started. The size of the group shall be 8- 12 participants within a circle. Duration of the group shall last six weeks. The group will meet weekly with an anticipated length of about 1. to 2 hours. Bereavement Support for Older Adults 5. Theories and Techniques Individuals will learn the process of identifying skills to regulate depression using reminiscence model framework, role-play, contemporary grief work model for a more integrative method, cognitive behavioral model as well as learning how to counter negative thinking and build skills and coping abilities (Greif, Ephross, 2011). The goals and objective of the group will be met by: * Group Processing * Video * Speaker * Reminiscence * Peer Support * Group Work Activities/Games * Fun Homework Assignments . Leadership Skills: The facilitator is a Social Worker with grief group experienc e in bereavement support groups. The facilitator has the responsibility of facilitating, listening, observing and processing. As a facilitator he or she should walk alongside rather than leading the grieving individual along the unpredictable road toward a new adaptation ( Greif, Ephross, 2011). The Facilitator is to Bereavement Support for Older Adults help the group understand the group purpose, establish the groups structure of when, where, how long group will meet.The facilitator should be empathetic, warm, compassionate and caring with a nurturing and warm atmosphere. Client Summary Mrs. Moore a 76 year widow was referred by her daughter for a pre-evaluation at the Golden Grief Counseling agency. Her daughter was concerned that her mother, Mrs. Moore was depressed /grieving since the loss of her son and then the loss of her husband two years after. Mrs. Moore’s daughter stated her mother once was active and full of life, but now her mother is not showing up for appointme nts with doctors, family and friends. Mrs.Moore was evaluated neurologically and neuropsychologically by a medical doctor and both tests were negative. However, it was reported that she had symptoms of depression which started after the death of her son and husband. Mrs. Moore wondered if her lack of energy was due to a physical ailment or if it was a normal part of grief. Mrs. Moore voluntarily decided to seek a bereavement support group session at the Golden Grief Counseling Agency. Mrs. Moore registered and was pre-screened as a potential client at the Golden Grief Counseling Agency to take part of the free bereavement group session.Mrs. Moore received a welcome letter and a courtesy call specifying days, times, location and duration of group and what to expect on her first day. It was pre-arranged that Mrs. Moore’s daughter bring her to the first session. Bereavement Support for Older Adults 7. Introduction/Breaking the Ice: The facilitator introduces himself or herself t o the group in a warm, compassionate and caring way. The facilitator defines group rules and instructs members in a warm, appropriate way about roles and skills needed for effective group participation and group cohesion.The facilitator asks every group member to introduce themselves. Objective of Group Development: 1. Reduces the initial anxiety and misconceptions about joining a group 2. Preaffiliation, members may be guarded at first 3. Provides information and instruction about group to facilitate the member’s ability to provide informed consent. 4. Achieve consensus between group leader and group members on the objectives of the group session 8. Pre-group Activities/Intervention: 1.The preparation session occurs after the group members have had a pre-group written handout that describes what the grief process is and how group works, roles of group leaders and group members, or goals for the group, specific skills to be used in the group, topics and typical activities tha t the group will be experiencing. 2. The group will view a 5 -10 minute video tape of bereavement groups/educational groups. 3. During the pre-group activities, each group member were asked the question â€Å"What they hoped they get from the group. 4. We want all group members to feel comfortable sharing, crying and talking.During the course of the group, group members have the right to leave if they feel the group is not beneficial and are encouraged to look for another group if they desire. First Week Session included information about bereavement, education about grief and the skills to cope. Next several sessions over the six week session can include * Education about Grief * Handling the Holidays * What to do with loved one’s possessions * Reinvesting in Life * Establishing memorials * Meaningful rituals 9. Evaluation/ Conclusion: Over the course of the group session, Mrs.Moore and others was able to talk about and tolerate her feelings more openly. She also began to r e-engage in social activities after the 6 week group session after using several techniques. Mrs. Moore expressed her grief by writing her deceased husband a letter and reading it out loud at his grave. Each member of the group received a questionnaire evaluation in the mail as well as a courtesy call asking the group member three questions 1. What did they get from the group? 2. What are they doing differently before coming to group? 3. What would they like to group to do differently to help others?One example of NASW code of ethics would be the importance of human relationship. Reference Greif, G. L & Ephross, P. H (2011) Group Work with Populations at Risk York, NY: Oxford University Press Grief, Loss and Bereavement in Older Adults [Slide set]. 2013 Arizona State University School of Social Work Complied by Bonifas, R. P (2013)Grief Support for Older Adults Senior Citizen’s Guide. Retrieved from http://www. seniorcitizensguide. com/articles/pittsburgh/grief-support-html S teinberg, M. W (2013) Social Worker Help Start Here â€Å"Grief and Loss- Your Options: Bereavement Support Groups

A Critical Reflection of My Own Experience of Leadership

Introduction This critical reflection is focused on my own experience of leadership whereby I suggest areas for my own development. I am also using herewith leadership theory and concepts in analysing and evaluating the leadership case that I am presenting. Leadership is a process or series of actions directed toward group goals; it is a consistently demonstrated pattern of behaviour with certain objectives (Ricketts and Ricketts, 2011). The leadership experience that this paper tackles is centred on my previous supervisor in a previous job, who I call â€Å"Mr. M.† I deem it interesting to use my experience with his leadership case as I believe this would allow me to suggest areas for my own development. The case is therefore an observation of leadership in action where I am not a leader. Critical Reflection: Analysis and Evaluation Mr. M delegates tasks as a way to manage the myriad responsibilities within the workplace. Often, meetings are called for in order to update the whole team on the work that members have accomplished. Mr. M’s listening skills were excellent, in that he never missed any single point of information being related to him. From this set of information, he was able to synthesise clearly the ideas being presented to him; regard each chunk of information as a potential contribution to what the team was trying to achieve, and identify the problems and challenges along the way. He did all this with the help of the team, in which it must also be noted that teamwork is a necessary element of leadership, which must be considered in successful leadership (Parker, 2008). A good attribute that was commendable of Mr. M was his ability to see positively a certain scenario despite our perceived griminess of it. He was a democratic leader who held the final responsibility whilst delegating authority to others. With his leadership, our communication – both upward and downward – was active. There was likewise high employee commitment because we were able to participate in the decision-making process of our team. This way, Mr. M. was able to encourage employees to function beyond just being rank-and-file workers. This concept of leadership was also present in Pride and colleagues (2010) in their discussion of leadership styles. Moreover, this scenario was harmonious with transformational leadership theory, which is focused on people’s interaction with others as they create a solid relationship that leads to trust, which in turn leads to increased intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in both the leader and the followers (Gittens, 2009; Lu ssier and Achua, 2010). Job autonomy was also encouraged much in the team and the organisation itself, with a minimum space for supervision from the supervisor himself. This way, as a member of the team, I was able to enhance my commitment to the job as I likewise felt being the one who owned the tasks and felt a sense of achievement in return. Greater job autonomy certainly created identity in the job amongst us who were tasked to fulfill them. This atmosphere of responsibility and autonomy made me and the others appreciate our jobs better. This was also parallel to what Bligh and Riggio (2013) say about autonomy and job control in which they claimed that they (autonomy and job control) lead to employee empowerment. May I say that my own engagement with my work was drawn from high levels of empowerment and autonomy, which my supervisor helped to foster, especially in leader-follower distance, with the leader not always being present to look over the followers’ shoulders (e.g. Bligh and Riggio, 2013 ). Transactional theory could be found in the case example, whereby it demonstrates a transaction between the leader and the followers, giving importance to a positive and mutually beneficial relationship (Martin et al., 2006). The effectiveness of this theory is found in the development of a mutually reinforcing environment, for which individual goals and those of the organisation are in synch. Furthermore, problem solving was not a sole task of our supervisor, but one that involved everyone in our team; thus, a group-shared activity. Mr. M acted as much to take the role of a facilitator in his intention to involve everyone in problem solving, laying down his views and opinions toward a particular direction, without dismissing others’ perspectives. The path-goal theory is seen in this example, whereby the leader directs activities, with varying manners. The theory maintains that the leader sees a path that needs to be trod and gets the group to accomplish it by commanding, rewarding, soliciting suggestions, etc. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2012). However, I came to know that he did not go through development programmes for creative problem solving, which I think is necessary, considering that for a leader, the use of collaborative skills and creativity techniques is part of the leadership strategy, just as what Higgins (2012) had suggested. In this regard, since Mr. M enabled his people to work well in delegation, he was able to function well as a coach. He was the kind who was willing to delegate and was comfortable to hand off assignments to the team. The kind of matters he delegated to those he led was not simply those referring to tasks but to responsibilities, which also harmonised with the discussion of Lussier and Achua (2010). Mr. M was not the kind of leader who would think that he was the boss with adequate knowledge and experience as an approach to problem solving. Solving problems by a leader because he thinks he is the most capable one is what Tracy (2013) called reverse delegation. Instead, Mr. M avoids committing this reverse delegation by making us define the problem clearly, developing a range of solutions, and selecting a solution being recommended. I believe Mr. M was able to grow his staff – which was one of his major responsibilities as a leader – by helping them develop problem-sol ving skills. I once asked him for a solution to a certain problem, and his responses was (as always) â€Å"What do you think must be done in this situation?† Thus, in many cases, he was able to make team members determine the best course of action for a certain problem or situation. There were times when a problem seemed too overwhelming to be handled by a member and would seek his help, to which his usual response would be to insist that the person must learn how to do it, with his guidance. Incidentally, Tracy (2013) stated that in case an employee returns to the leader with a complain that he/she could not do the job rightly, it is better for both of them if the leader guides the person in accomplishing the job rather than taking it back and adding it to his load, which is probably full. As much as he could, Mr. M does not take sides or intervene in interpersonal problems, to which some people in our team would attempt to make him a mediator or a counselor. His tendency was not to express an opinion showing favour to one party over the other. This stance was also taken as positive by Tracy (2013), who said that as a rule, one would not be able to have the full story, and once a leader takes a particular position, it might mean weakening his authority with both persons in the future. As a result of good performance, the performing employee was rewarded by the leader. Areas for My Own Development Based on the case presented, the suggested areas for my own development as a leader are: delegating responsibilities to my team members, promoting decision-making through problem solving, and motivating the workforce through a high degree of autonomy and job control. I have learned through this exercise that delegating responsibilities is not only to free or unburden the leader of the many workloads but to provide opportunities for growth. Similarly, involving the whole team toward a problem-solving activity results in providing an opportunity for decision making. Noteworthy here is the fact that decision making allows employees to become more involved in the job (Bhattacharya and McGlothlin, 2011). I am also noting that a high level of autonomy in the job necessitates corresponding skills sets for the work, in which employees with high job autonomy tend to perceive greater responsibility for either the success or failure of their efforts, and are also likely to experience increased job satisfaction (Lewis et al., 2007). My members’ skills must therefore be in synch with the level of autonomy required in their job, and that I could help them work on developing their skills through related training and coaching. Conclusion To conclude, the leader plays a crucial role in the development of members and in achieving organisational goals. This insight was demonstrated by this critical reflection through its discussion of delegation, problem solving, job autonomy, and maintaining one’s authority by not taking sides in members’ problems with interpersonal relationships. Mr. M was able to promote trust and motivation both for himself and for his team members, typical of transformational leadership theory. Transactional theory had also demonstrated a specific transaction based on a mutually beneficial relationship between the leader and the followers. This case also complemented with the path-goal theory in which the leader guides the members in treading a desired path. The case led to identification of my own areas for development. References Bhattacharya, A. and McGlothlin, J. D. (2011) Occupational Ergonomics: Theory and Applications. Second Edition. NW: CRC Press. Bligh, M. C. and Riggio, R. E. (2013) Exploring Distance in Leader-Follower Relationships: When Near is Far and Far is Near. NY: Routledge. Gittens, B. E. (2008) Perceptions of the Applicability of Transformational Leadership Behavior to the Leader Role of Academic Department Chairs: A Study of Selected Universities in Virginia. Parkway: ProQuest LLC. Griffin, R. W. and Moorhead, G. (2012) Organizational Behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage-Learning. Higgins, J. M. (2012) The role of HR in fostering innovation in organizations. In G. M. Benscoter (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: Thematic Essays (pp. 226-238). NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Lewis, P., Goodman, S., Fandt, P., and Michlitsch, J. (2007) Management: Challenges for Tomorrow’s Leaders. Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Lussier, R. and Achua, C. (2010) Leadership: Theory, Application, and Skill Development. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Martin, B., Cashel, C., Wagstaff, M., and Breunig, M. (2006) Outdoor Leadership: Theory and Practice. IL: Human Kinetics. Parker, G. M. (2008) Team Players and Teamwork: New Strategies for Developing Successful Collaboration. NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Pride, W., Hughes, R., and Kapoor, J. (2010) Business. Tenth Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Ricketts, C. and Ricketts, J. (2011) Leadership: Personal Development Career Success. Third Edition. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Tracy, B. (2013) Delegation and Supervision. NY: AMACOM.

Nursing Emergencies

You are an RN (Registered Nurse), and driving on a parkway. You see an automobile collision with serious injury. Should you stop and perform first aid?Yes, as a registered nurse and as a human being, I am obliged to stop and perform first aid should I see an automobile collision with serious injury. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, registered nurses (RNs), regardless of specialty or work setting, perform basic duties that include treating patients, educating patients and the public about various medical conditions, and providing advice and emotional support to patients’ family members. This definition shows that there is also the public included among the responsibilities of registered nurses. Nurses have for many years been awarded the top ranking in opinion polls about which occupations are most trusted by the general public.Some people might opine that nursing duties only relate to clinical settings and they tend to focus only nurse-patient relationship. Duties of the nurse exist only within the parameters of the hospital. Some might even argue that such intervention in roadside emergencies can get a nurse into legal complications. But then, nursing is a profession that the public depend on for support and care especially in emergency situations.Historically, nurses have been associated with emergency responses. In early times, even though nurses were not as much educated and trained as the nurses of today, they offered their nursing services with great dedication and motivation. They were known for their self-sacrificing nature and offering a human touch that says â€Å"I care.† Nursing history is replete with examples of nurses who have knowingly incurred great risk in order to care for those in need of nursing or to contribute to the advancement of health science. In the United States, the Civil War is cited regularly for the role of volunteer nurses and for the stimulus it gave Clara Barton to organize the American Red Cross, wh ich she eventually accomplished in 1881 (Williams, 2003). That humane touch has been characteristic of the nursing profession.The first plank of the Code for Nurses states â€Å"The nurse provides services with respect for human dignity and the uniqueness of the client, unrestricted by considerations of social or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems.† This central axiom of respect for persons directs the profession (ANA, 1994). The nurse is not at liberty to abandon those in need of nursing care. According to Gebbie and Qureshi (2006), â€Å"The fundamental goal of nursing, to assist individuals to their highest possible level of functioning in the face of health and illness challenges, is never more needed than under emergency conditions†. This means, a registered nurse is obligated to attend to the wounded person in a roadside emergency.According to the Code for Nurses, nurses may morally refuse to participate in care, but only on th e grounds of either client advocacy or moral objection to a specific type of intervention. As applied to nursing, a moral obligation exists for the nurse if the following four criteria are present: The client is at significant risk of harm, loss, or damage if the nurse does not assist; The nurse's intervention or care is directly relevant to preventing harm; The nurse's care will probably prevent harm, loss, or damage to the client;The benefit the client will gain outweighs any harm the nurse might incur and does not present more than an acceptable risk to the nurse (ANA, 2006). In the case of the roadside accident, the victims need to be attended to by a healthcare professional. Prompt medical attention by the RN can make a difference between life and death. Moreover, there is no personal risk. Hence there is a moral obligation on the part of the nurse to attend to the victims.Society has come to rely on nursing and to expect that it will rise to the health demands of virtually any occasion. The only problem registered nurses encounter during such roadside interventions is that they may be forced to take decisions beyond those they are qualified for. But then, they can be protected by the Good Samaritan Doctrine which is a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for ‘wrongdoing.’ The purpose of this doctrine is to prevent people from refusing to help for fear of legal repercussions if they make mistakes in treatment (Neumann, 2005).The practice of the professional nurse extends beyond the confines of the immediate setting where the nurse practices to the broader environment (AU, 2006). According to a survey of many nurses all respondents claimed to have medical assistance and would do so again, but about half of them would not do so unconditionally. However, no respondent has experienced legal complications from providing medical help though they had â€Å"heard† or â€Å"read† of such cases. Thus, it is the moral obligation of a registered nurse to help any accident victim in an emergency situation.Critique of Journal Article:Gebbie, K., Qureshi, K. in the article titled â€Å"A Historical Challenge: Nurses and Emergencies† (September 30, 2006) reviews the beginning of emergency nursing as a specialty. The authors also discuss the 21st century expectations about nursing during unexpected disaster situations and various nursing roles related to emergency care. The article is detailed and has many links to related articles.The article says that both paid and volunteer nurses have played a huge role historically in fighting epidemics, HIV and AIDS. Later, nurses became known for their wartime services. By the middle 20th century, emergency rooms came into being. Today, emergency care has become a nursing specialty. The authors then point to the growth of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Rescue Co mmittee.The role of the nurses in local public health emergencies is highlighted. The authors conclude that nurses have been key players during various emergency situations in the past. In the future, any kind of emergency in the community can impact the public's health and nurses are needed for prevention, surveillance and response of every type.At the end of the 20th century, national thinking about emergency preparedness led to two important developments: identification of the key competencies needed for effective emergency response, and increased attention to planning for and practicing emergency response. The authors point out that it was necessary for nursing to identify the core abilities needed to become a part of an emergency response team and perform well. Therefore the UG nursing curriculum was adapted by the International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education (INCMCE) to assure communities that their professional nurses were competent to respond when needed.The a rticle includes tables that list the competencies for public health workers, and the currently available emergency response competency sets applicable to nursing and the sources from which these data can be accessed in their entirety. Today, it has been recognized that there needs to be an inter-agency, interdisciplinary response, and that nearly all emergencies have potential health consequences. The authors conclude that nurses will continue to be key players in the local and national level emergency response as we move through the 21st century and that the fundamental goal of nursing, to assist individuals to their highest possible level of functioning in the face of health and illness challenges, is never more needed than under emergency conditions.The article is written in chronological sequence and is highly informative. The authors discuss present day trends in detail in the context of the terrorists attack on the World Trade Center and Hurricane Katrina. The included tables and references prove to be very useful in understanding the competency sets needed for emergency responses. This article underlines the need for competency in emergency response. This means nurses should be given better basic and continuing education and should be trained to meet such emergency situations through hospitals, public health centers, and community drills. Bibliography:Internet Sources:U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Registered Nurses. Occupational Handbook. http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos083.htmAU (2006). School of Nursing: Our Philosophy. http://www.nursing.auburn.edu/about-us/our-philosophy.htmlWilliams, Robyn (2003). ABC Radio National Broadcast: The Ethics of Nursing in the Third Reich. Adelaide Institute.Print and Journal Sources:Gebbie, K., Qureshi, K. (September 30, 2006) â€Å"A Historical Challenge: Nurses and Emergencies†OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol. #11 No. #3, Manuscript 1. Available: www.nursingworld.org/ojin/t opic31/tpc31_1.htmANA (1994). Ethics and Human Rights Position Statements. Risk versus Responsibility in Providing Nursing Care. http://www.nursingworld.org/readroom/position/ethics/etrisk.htmANA (2005). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. The Center for Ethics and Human Rights. http://www.ana.org/ethics/code/protected_nwcoe303.htmNeumann, Karl (2005). Are you a Good Samaritan. News Share. Nov/Dec 2005. http://www.istm.org/publications/news_share/200512/samaritan.aspx

Fear and Loathing on MySpace.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fear and Loathing on MySpace.com - Essay Example But who is she hanging out with And who is lurking online in the shadows of MySpace leering at the profiles of these vulnerable tweens While some have hailed MySpace as the greatest social experiment of the century, others have called it a Sears and Roebuck catalogue for pedophiles. Social networking has forever altered the modern childhood relationship. This revolution has left our youngest children, ages 8-13, open to the threat of exploitation and for these kids MySpace is a dangerous space to be in. The greatest threat to these children who visit MySpace is the potential to be sexually solicited. A study conducted at the University of New Hampshire found that 1 in 5 children who have been online on a social network have experienced sexual solicitation (Mitchell, Finkelhor, and Wolak 3012). With the number of younger children creating a profile on MySpace skyrocketing1 this means millions of children are being exposed to this danger. As younger and younger children begin to logon and socialize, we put an age group at risk that are the least able to handle these abusive situations. Though MySpace requests that all users must be age 14 or older, younger and younger children are going online. ... Still, the children at risk get younger. A New Jersey Principal became concerned when "one of her 10-year-old students got an inappropriate message from "someone clearly an adult" ('"MySpace' Cadets"). This was on a school computer with close supervision. Younger children are able to deceive the registration process and could end up being molested or worse. The fact is that MySpace does not verify age and there is no way they can. The BBC reported in March 2006 that two men were arrested in the US over sex charges after they allegedly used MySpace to illegally contact their victims ("MySpace Tightens Age Restrictions"). One girl was just 11 years old. Though MySpace has made a token effort to tighten their age restrictions, they are well aware of the loopholes in security. They have even begun to warn teenagers of the danger. Recently, "the site introduced adverts warning teenagers about the dangers of sexual predators on the web" and the BBC contends that, "At the moment, MySpace has no way of verifying the age of users" ("MySpace Tightens Age Restrictions."). Currently there is not way to prevent an 8-year-old from registering as an 18-year-old. How easy is it for someone to pretend to be a different age or gender on MySpace According to computer security expert Richard Carlotti, anyone can do it. He says that MySpace currently uses the honor system and uses the information you supply it. He warns people that MySpace can never be safe for young children. He says, "If it is designed to be used by teen-agers, the security needs to be geared toward them, which means anyone with a 13 year old mind can subvert the system". The only way to increase the security is use biometric identification systems2 that are simply too expensive and

Compare young peoples expectations for marriage and the reality of Essay

Compare young peoples expectations for marriage and the reality of married life - Essay Example Nevertheless, compromising is not an easy issue as presumed by the young people. Married couples always have many challenges that they find it hard to compromise, instead they fight and argue over many things such as income, sex, personality and children handling which may even lead to divorce or separation (Bhalla 56-60). Additionally, many young people expect to have their leisure time which they would spend together by going on picnics, dating on weekends. Unfortunately, there is always a lot of work to do at home such as cleaning especially on weekends which denies the couple ample time to enjoy leisure. Also there are always events to attend on weekends such as weddings and birthdays as well as inadequate vacation time that deny them pleasurable time (Bhalla 56-60). Moreover, young people normally expect to have enough money that would help them buy big houses and nice cars but the reality is that money is never enough. There are lots of things whose budgets are assumed such as groceries and electronics that impose financial constrains to the already hiking prices of homes. It is therefore apparent that more money is always required in marriage than what is normally expected by young people (Bhalla 56-60). For many youths expecting too much than marriage offers, it is important to learn about the differences between expectations and reality. Knowing and understanding reality in marriage may make young couples live an ideal life in

The Role Of Phytase In Poultry Rations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role Of Phytase In Poultry Rations - Essay Example Enzymes are as well used in laundry detergents to assist break up grease and other complex marks. With the intention of understanding the actions of enzymes, it is significant to know that the majority of chemicals in food are merely too huge and compound for human body to use as is. Proteins, for instance, are elongated chains of amino acids, and yet widespread sugars and starches can be extremely compound chemicals. Just as one cannot consume large lumps completely, but have to chew on bite-size pieces, the majority of chemicals inflowing the body must be conked down previous to they can be put to use (Siriwan, Bryden and Annison, 1994, Pg 15-16) . Enzymes reorganize or tear these chemicals into smaller "bite-size" pieces prepared for additional chemical reaction. For instance, table sugar (sucrose) is actually two simple sugars, chemically connected, that are estranged by the enzyme sucrase during absorption. The body can then use the ensuing uncomplicated sugars, glucose and fructose. Medical knowledge has extensively used assured enzymes with advantageous consequences. Fibrinolytic enzymes--which assist break up blood clots--have been utilized to clean injuries that have dried out and clotted beneath unhygienic circumstances. Enzymes are also used as a substitute to spinal operation to mend the outflow of a cracked disk. In this handling, the substance that has "leaked" out of the disk is suspended by action of the enzyme chymopapain. Enzymes are also imperative pointers of body tasks. From assimilating foods to metabolizing drugs, enzymes are a fundamental element of our bodies. And with genetic production and recombinant DNA expertise presently in progress, it appears probably that many of the familiar enzyme lack diseases will turn out to be handy if not cured. One enzyme under consideration in our study today is "Phytase" due to its extensive use in poultry industry. According to Moore (2003, Pg 65) Dietary prerequisite of phosphorus and its accessibility in plant source feedstuffs are important subjects in poultry nourishment. It is renowned that the phosphorus accessibility from plant foundation for instance corn and soybean meal is inadequate to 30-40 percent. This short accessibility is accredited too much of the plant's phosphorus being in the shape of phytates (Myoinositol hexaphosphates). Phosphorus is there in the form of phytic acid as a compound of cations (Ca, Mg, Zn and K) and/or proteins. Poultry is short of adequate quantity of endogenous phytase in the gastrointestinal territory to hydrolyze the phytate molecule and discharge the inorganic phosphorus. This demands adding up costly inorganic resources of phosphorus to persuade dietary prerequisites. Adding up inorganic phosphorus, though, effects in disproportionate emission of phosphorus in manure, pretentiousness an environmental worry, particularly in concentrated animal production. This augmented environmental apprehension that has shaped much attention in phytase consumption in current years. Phytases are a collection of enzymes that catalyze the stepwise exclusion of inorganic orthophosphate from phytic acid. (Sebastian, Touchburn and Chavez, 1998, Pg 27-28) These enzymes take place in cereals and are produced by bacteria, fungi, and yeast

Enviromental Economics Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enviromental Economics Problem - Research Paper Example Healthcare by products have been disposed to rivers and other areas that are ineffective for their disposal. As a result these wastes have brought with them different devastating affects most of them affecting the economy of the country. The waste is as a result of various economic activities taking place in the country. This therefore means that the waste and their effects are as a result of market failures. Identification of the problem is a key factor here and it involves looking at all the externalities of the various economic activities and the economic activities that are associated with them. Problem analysis is the other factor that we consider here. By the use of a demand curve, we can determine the net social benefit and the marginal private benefit and determine the causes of these externalities. At the end a solution which is economically appropriate is given out to replace the various policies. Problem identification There are various environmental problems that are seen in Kuwait. Following the announcement by Mohammed Al-Enzi that Sabah Al-Ahmad city was at a risk of pollution due to the exposure of the various liquid industrial wastes. This is situated just four kilometers from the city. He also states that Kuwait is one of the countries that have challenges regarding environmental waste disposal. Municipal solid waste is also a problem that is faced by the country. The collection of this waste, their transportation and disposal is a major challenge for the country various suggestions have been put forward to help in the management of these sites such involves the use of anaerobic digestion of the waste before disposing them to the land. Using LCA, the impact of these waste were seen to influence people a lot negatively. Electronic waste is another important point of discussion here. E waste should always be separated with other waste that is decomposable. However in Kuwait, these E wastes are mixed with other waste materials that can be decompo sed thereby making it even hard to dispose. People are also ignorant about the effects of electronic waste on the life of an individual and the entire world. Most people therefore do not take necessary effects needed in order to separate the E wastes from other bio degradable wastes. Awareness is therefore needed and this is the call for both public and government intervention. Healthcare products waste is also common in Kuwait. There are various diseases that are seen in the area of Kuwait due to the rising number of bad disposal of healthcare products. These result in negative economic impact on the government and the people of Kuwait as this disease are expensive to treat and better ways of disposal are also expensive to set and maintain. Poor disposal of these materials is also a major challenge that is faced by the people of Kuwait. By products from healthcare is also a challenge to the people as they have to think of the best way to dispose them and make them have no threat to causing diseases. Various hospitals are also taking the advantage of government reluctance and disposing their waste in a dangerous manner. This result in environmental pollution which in the long run affects the economy. Problem analysis The externalities experienced in Kuwait are as a result of the marginal social cost (MSC) being more than the private costs (MPC). From the look, there is more profit that the government an

Introduction to business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Introduction to business law - Essay Example Managers need to remain increasingly concerned about the occurrences of any harmful incidents during the event. For instance, a court might consider several aspects if there occurs a harmful incident due to lack of air-conditioning facilities at the concert as can be witnessed with reference to the incident of Madonna’s concert in the UK recently. The aspects may include complying with the legal rules as well as regulations and making essential approvals relating to the concert. The various responsibilities of a safety manager at Madonna’s concert in Australia would be to construct a safe venue for the viewers or the audiences, offering ample space to the viewers for free movement which in turn shall also render them a comfortable space to enjoy the show without disruptions and appropriately managing the people including the working staffs. Moreover, the other significant role of a safety manager is to monitor various safety aspects for the conduct of an event which inc ludes electrical systems, fire prevention tools and accumulation of surface water among others. Hence, the scope in relation to the duties of an event manager is considered to be quite broader as the manager is entitled with various responsibilities to be performed since the initiation till the completion of the event. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 1.Introduction 4 2.Event Context 5 3.Legal Issues 7 3.1.Overview of the Australian Health and Safety Laws 7 3.2.Legal Considerations 9 5. Recommendations 9 6. Conclusion 11 References 12 1. Introduction As to a recent instance regarding Madonna, it has been viewed that Madonna’s concert has significantly raised tremendous issue relating to health and safety. The demands of Madonna had ultimately resulted in generating huge troubles with health and safety officials concerning the event. The issue was regarding the impediment of air-conditioning as one of the prime demands of Madonna. With reference to the challenges witnesse d during this concert, it can be effectively noted that it is quite necessary to manage a particular event or a concert which would emphasise upon looking after the interests of both the artists and the viewers. In order to organize and manage the similar event with Madonna in Australia, laws pertinent with health and safety would be the topmost concern. In this discussion, a detailed report advising Madonna and her management on various legal matters will be taken into concern. The different matters would include determining the appropriate authorities in Australia who are responsible for maintaining the efficiency of event management in relation to health and safety. Moreover, identification of certain matters that a court might consider when analyzing the likelihood of an occurrence of a harmful incident due to lack of air-conditioning facilities at the concert will be discussed. Various aspects such as the work of a safety manager relating to a musical concert, carrying out vari ous safety checks and the duties of a safety manager prior to, during and immediately after the concert will also be portrayed in the discussion. 2. Event Context The nature of the proposed event is about organising a musical concert in Australia for entertainment. The chief artist of the concert would be the famous singer, actress, dancer as well as songwriter, Madonna. The event would likely be held in Australia’s one of the premium indoor venue i.e. ‘

Research paper on Faith Wilding (An Artist) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Faith Wilding (An Artist) - Research Paper Example She is the frontrunner of cyber-feminism in the U.S., where cyber-feminism is relatively a new term that studies the relationship between technology and women. Her main focus is on improving the contribution of women in the field of biotechnology. Faith Wilding frequents the U.S. and Europe and her audio lectures are â€Å"broadcast by RIAS Berlin; WDR Cologne; and National Public Radio, USA† ("Faith Wilding"). Her list of publications include; â€Å"MEANING, Heresies, Ms. Magazine, The Power of Feminist Art† ("Faith Wilding"). She has also published many other magazines and books. The National Endowment for the Arts has awarded her â€Å"two individual media grants† ("Faith Wilding"). At present, â€Å"she is the faculty member at the School of Art Institute of Chicago and the MFA in Visual Art Program at Vermont College of the Union Institute and University† ("Faith Wilding"). Wilding has been very active the feminist art movement since her support for the founding of Feminist Art Program in California (Jones & Heathfield 253). This program proved to be a stepping stone for politicizing and theorizing the feminist art. She and her husband participated in antiwar movements during the 60s. This laid the foundation for her future feminist art endeavors. Her artwork tells the story how she observed the enforced patriarchy throughout her life. This context gives her the energy to express the prejudiced and biased social structure of the world. Wilding creates artwork based on feminist themes. Many of her artworks depict satire aimed at the patriarchal attitudes of the society. Her artwork themes have evolved with time. The 1970s is generally marked with highly politicized Anglo-American feminist art movements. Wildings early works certainly depict that era but as time progressed her artwork also evolved and modified incorporating other elements of the social injustice towards women. The politicized feminist art form generally criticized the

Confessional poetry Essay Example for Free

Confessional poetry Essay Like almost all of Aristotles recommendations in the Poetics, the unity of action is grounded in what a hypothetical viewer is likely to see and, more important, to believe. Tragedys formal coherence, in other words, is itself tested and therefore relies for its ability reliably to produce its defining effects upon its phenomenological consistency with a hypothetically pre-aesthetic concept of human nature. Despite his contention that poetry and politics may employ different standards of correctness, both are ultimately subject to the fundamental structure of center and periphery. In fact, it is the unity of action by which aesthetic representation accesses rituals spellbinding and emotionally charged effects. As Gans writes, Discourse, as it emerged from ritual, was temporalized, as was ritual; its own duration followed the irreversible progress of the rite, which itself followed that of the original event. . . Discourse operates within the temporal limits of the original crisis/resolution, which, whether it last a few hours or a few days, is of necessity extremely short in relation to the normal life span of its participants. . . . The elaboration of ritual is less a prolongation of the critical moment than the addition to it of other episodes. Significance is thus originally a short-term phenomenon, which we may assume to follow more or less the time scheme of a drama, where the speeches of the characters occupy a real time of interaction (Origin of Language 243, 288). Aristotle anticipates Gans in grounding the significance (or, to use his word, beauty) of literary discourse in a ritually derived temporality. As Aristotle writes in Section 7: Beginning is that which does not necessarily follow on something else, but after it something else naturally is or happens; end, the other way round, is that which naturally follows on something else, either necessarily or for the most part, but nothing else after it; and middle that which naturally follows on something else and something else on it (30). To make the connections between aesthetic contemplation and ritual participation too explicit, however, is to risk falling into what Aristotle might have called the Platonic fallacy. Hence his recommendations with respect to the construction of plots tend to de-emphasize the perceptual elements most closely associated with originary representation. The three elements of plot, according to Aristotle, are peripety, recognition, and pathos, which he defines as a destructive or painful act, such as deaths on stage, paroxysms of pain, woundings, and all that sort of thing (37). The emotions aroused by pathos play a paradoxical role in Poetics: while he identifies pity and terror as the tragic emotions, the most effective formal means by which they are aroused are, in Aristotles view, the least connected with poetic art. Though the visual adornment of dramatic persons can have a strong emotional effect, this is the least artistic element among the six constituents of tragedy (29); and while it is possible for the fearful or pathetic effect to come from the actors appearance, the mark and characteristic of a better poet is to engender these effects from the very structure of events (40). Again, originary analysis points to how this, one of the most influential of Aristotles literary opinions, can be understood as an attempt to reconcile what increasingly appeared to be the potentially mutual exclusiveness of aesthetic contemplation and ritual participation. The non-instinctual attention of the periphery toward the central object at the originary scene must be, at least initially, captured and sustained (for however brief a time) through the eyes. That is, peripheral identification with the central figure is first visual and then replayed on each individuals internal, imaginary scene of representation. For this reason, ritual retains a primarily visual orientation. Thus, to define aesthetic excellence as that which resists the strict mimetic conservatism of ritual is to disconnect even more radically art from its violent origins. Similarly, Aristotles recommendation against reliance on the deus ex machina arises not merely from the organicism of his concept of dramatic plot, but from his perception that the proper phenomenal model for tragedy is not ritual but revelation. The poorest plots, he writes, are those that are contrived by the poet, such as that of Iphigenia, where Orestes says what the poet, rather than the plot, wants him to say in the recognition of his sister. By contrast, the most artistic plots are those that develop naturally but unexpectedly. Ritual is the opposite of revelation, writes Gans in Science and Faith (16). Nothing new must occur there; the only evolution the rite undergoes is the gradual draining away of the truth it was its task to preserve. Rites die and are replaced by others, keepers of new revelations. But these revelations themselves never occur within the framework of ritual; their privileged locus is the individual imagination, whose intuitions are tested only after the fact by the community (16-17). Aristotle thus anticipates Gans in identifying some of the ways in which the aesthetic scenes escape from ritual conservatism enables it to become an important locus for the discovery of fundamental human truths. The durability of Aristotles theory therefore results neither from historic accident nor scholarly conspiracy: discovering that an anthropologically-grounded theory of the sign could sidestep Platos fears about art initiating the contagion of conflictive mimesis enables the classical aesthetic eventually to achieve its logical end point: the exploration the scene of representation qua scene. Aristotles achievement comes not, however, from merely denying the validity of Platos intuited connection of representation and crisis. Both thinkers recognize, as Gans has put it, that [t]he institution of art constitutes an intermediary third term between the minimal institution of language and the maximal one of ritual, and that [l]anguage and ritual are each in their own way coercive (Originary Thinking, 122). Poetry, according to Plato, has ties to the more communally coercive (and therefore threatening) institution of ritual; for Aristotle, it is more closely allied with the individually coercive institution of language. It is significant, however, that Aristotles attempt to rid the aesthetic scene of its Platonic threats never fully succeeds; as Gans writes, [t]hroughout history, Platos qualms about the subversive nature of art alternate with the cathartic claims of Aristotle (Originary Thinking 136). Later literary theorists, 7 especially Horace and Longinus, as we will seewhile they followed Aristotles lead in centering their discussions around mimesis, found themselves having to steer between the Scylla of arts violent origins and the Charybdis of the emotional lassitude of a scenic center devoid of its specifically sacred power. Although, as Gans argues, the relative importance of the Platonic and Aristotelian attitudes depends upon the balance of centrality and decentralization within a given society (Originary Thinking 136), the most famous ancient literary critics maintained the belief that the positions were interchangeable by falling into sacred ambivalence: the unwillingness to further Aristotles desacralization of the aesthetic scene. II. Horace Consider, for example, Horaces Ars Poetica. Both in form and content, this treatise on the craft (techne) of poetic composition is predominantly Aristotelian: like that of the Poetics, the argument of Ars Poetica unfolds according to the prescribed succession of poesis, poema, and poeta (Atkins 70). Both works, moreover, identify unity as the essential determinant of literary quality. During the renaissance, in fact, neoclassical critics frequently spoke of the two as if there were no differences between them: concerning the so-called unity of place, writes Pierre Corneille in Of the Three Unities, I can find no rule. For all their concurrences, however, there is an important difference between Aristotle and Horace. Whereas the former makes only one fleetingand rather dismissivereference to the question of poetic inspiration, the latter devotes a considerable number of words to the elucidation of the temperamental qualities that conduce to literary genius. Horaces contribution to classical literary criticism thus consists of neither an elaboration of the theory of representation nor the practice of poetry, but of his subtle, even hesitant reminders of the poets cult of personality. For Aristotle, Sophocles greatness as a poet is demonstrated a posteriori, the result of his having produced the perfect tragedy, Oedipus Rex. Horace, on the other hand, takes what would no doubt have struck Aristotle as a step back toward the Platonic fallacy by reviving both mystery and violence as indispensable elements of poetic craft. In Ion, Plato had offered the characteristically mythicizing statement that all good poets, epic as well as lyric, compose their beautiful poems not by art, but because they are inspired and possessed (Adams 14). Though Horace does not go quite that far in this anti-Aristotelian direction, his very willingness to consider whether a praiseworthy poem be the creation of nature or of art (Adams 74) indexes his dissatisfaction with what Gans has called Aristotles patently demystifying gesture of identifying the human with the central (Originary Thinking, 135). Though Horace refuses to commit himself explicitly to either side of the craft/inspiration controversyFor my part I do not see what study can do without a rich vein of native gift, nor what the native gift can do without culture (74)other elements of the essay indicate that he may have felt inspiration to be more important than he is willing to admit. First, he repeatedly invokes the Muses, indicating that for him poetic composition was still to be undertaken in an attitude of religious seriousness. Second, and even more significant, is 8 Horaces deliberate and detailed attention near the end of the letter to the social influence and temperamental characteristics of the poet. While men were yet savage, writes Horace, Orpheus, the sacred, the mouthpiece of the gods, awed them from bloodshed and the foulness of their living; whence the legend said that he tamed tigers and ravening lions.

Pyrometer Is An Instrument For Measuring Temperature Engineering Essay

Pyrometer Is An Instrument For Measuring Temperature Engineering Essay Pyrometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. The pyrometer is can be apply to instruments that measure high temperature only, but some pyrometer is considered to measure low temperature. Thus, the temperature measurement under severe conditions is the most accurate method, and it is established on non-intrusive (indirect) temperature techniques. The functions of the temperature of the body are the amount of thermal energy, heat leaving a body by radiation and the wavelength of that radiation. The basic of temperature measurement in these instruments is requirement on temperature of the characteristics of radiation. In a pyrometer, the heat radiated from a hot body is used to measure temperature, and it is through a fixed lens that efforts the heat energy on the thermopile, this is a noncontact device. Thus, furnace temperatures are measured through a small hole in the furnace wall. The distance from the source to the pyrometer can be fixed and the radiation should fill the field of view of the sensor. Radiation Thermometer In the top diagram, Radiation thermometers, or pyrometers, make use of the fact that all objects release thermal radiation, when observing at the bars of a light bulb. The Planck law of radiation can be measured the amount of radiation emitted and connected to temperature. When the objects that is very hot in hazardous environments, the sensor will detect the object and measured the temperature. 2.2. FOUR PRINCIPAL There are four principal techniques for the measurement of temperature by the radiation from a hot body. 1. Total radiation 2. Pyro-electric 3. Photo-electric 4. Optical Pyrometers 2.2.1. TOTAL RADIATION PYROMETERS The total radiation pyrometer obtains the radiation from a certain hot body. The total radiation contains the visible and invisible radiations. It consists of radiation getting element and a measuring device. The diaphragm unit with a mirror is used to effort the radiation on a thermocouple. The distance between the mirror and the thermocouple is adjusted for proper focus. The image of the front diaphragm is attentive on the thermocouple by the mirror. Therefore, the temperature measurements are independent of the distance of the target. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirABcYSDsAL-rJJtl4BE2I4viGILk47L3jJLVgBJKclukPnUzlkge7emG3ujI2ooJYKral7G8lRW8D_Esnaw4zbX1U4INH_oRkVRonzPxIaiZ7wBRkWVNblsYy1QU6Lmpy-8R5ICCGjDw/s1600/total+radiaton+pyrometer.JPG If there is any smoke, dust in the space between the target and transducer, it reduces the radiation, so negative errors. Then, the meter reading will be high because the hot gases and flames are released. This pyrometer is a non-linear, poor sensitivity and this device is not used for the temperature lower than 600-1200 degree Celsius. The advantage of the radiation pyrometer is used to measure very high temperature, high output signal, moderate cost, no need to have contact with measuring system and fast response. The disadvantage of the radiation pyrometer is a non-linear scale, error will occur and emissivity of target material affects the measurements. Then, it is used to measure temperature of moving target where physical contact is impossible, used to measure temperature in corrosive environment and used to measure invisible rays from radiations. Finally, it is used quartz or glass lens are most used pyrometers in the industry, then it is can used for bodies that are not perfect black bodies or non-black bodies. These pyrometers are often used in electric chamber furnaces, glass tank furnaces and other industrial areas. 2.2.2. Pyro-electric Pyro-electric detectors for thermal radiations are moderately new form of pyro-meters. The structure material is commonly ceramics are materials whose particles have a stable electric dipole because of the point of the electrons in molecules. Usually these molecules invention in a chance mish-mash method all through the substance of the material therefore there is no remaining electrification. Also, the location of these molecules is more or less fixed at ambient temperatures. If the temperature is high exceeding specific level characteristic to the certain material, the particles start to alternate freely. This is called the Curie temperature. Uncertainty, the temperature of the ceramic material is increased, and then the molecular dipole will alternate at a higher angle. Thus higher temperature of the radiant object, the angle of oscillation of the molecular dipole will be bigger. Furthermore, the temperature is increased, and then the voltage is increased. Then, the temperature can be measure by this voltage. This is similar to the total radiation thermometer. Finally, the pyro-electric is used to control the true temperature of an object devising a new emissivity. But the pyro-electric thermometers still have relatively limited applications. The structure of a pyro-electric thermometer and the location of the shutter is shown in the below diagram. 2.2.3. Photo-electric The photo-electric pyrometers are used measure the radiations of the object are shorter wavelength at very high temperatures. A photodiode is usually a semiconductor diode; it could be made of germanium. When the diode is applied to a voltage in reverse, it would influence the electrons do not have enough energy to cross the energy block of the junction. However, when the incident radiations are directed towards them, some electrons gain enough energy to cross the junction; it will obtain this energy by crash with photons. The energy of photons is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Besides, the radiant energy crushed upon the surface of the photoelectric diode increase, more electrons cross the block and hence more voltage reading will be gained. This will observably occur at higher temperature, and then the temperature is measured indirectly by measuring the voltage reading. Finally, the photoelectric are used in the industry mainly as a mention instrument to determine the true temperature of an object having unknown emissivity. Photoelectric instruments are very precise and are thus changing the above mentioned optical type pyrometers. In additional, it is can be use a photoelectric sensor to warn of smouldering fires which is smoke detector. 2.2.4. Optical Pyrometers The optical radiation thermometers or pyrometers are a simple in structure and it is accurate for temperature measurement between 600 oC ~3000 oC, because the decision making of the operator, so it is not a suitable device for control determinations. In opposite, it is very effective for calibration of total radiation thermometers and point measurements. The temperature as well as the resistance of the filament is recognized. Therefore, the temperature of the radiant object is the similar as they are the same; this is one of the main disadvantages of this apparatus, the element that the measured temperature is reliant on the operators decision when the filament has disappeared from the image. The optical pyrometer is shown in the below diagram. Optical Pyrometers are normally used in the process industry for special measurement. It has a high precision and used as a mention instrument. The accuracy and precision of extra pyrometers are measured by comparing with it. They are also used for temperature measurement of non-black bodies. Their temperature range is high; they are the most commonly used high temperature measuring devices used in the laboratory. One of the drawbacks is the fact that they can only be used by experienced personnel. But they are being gradually replaced by the modern photoelectric pyrometers. Question 3 3.1. What (electrically) is being measured? The Electrocardiogram (ECG) is normally used to test for heart conditions and that is a simple test that takings about 10 minutes. The electrocardiogram machine records the hearts rhythm against paper through sticky electrodes which are located on the peoples chest, arms and legs. If the heart muscle is injured or short of oxygen, the recording will display it out. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is normally used to different test for the heart conditions, such as exercise ECG (also called a treadmill test or exercise stress test), Holter monitoring (also called ambulatory ECG), echocardiogram, blood test, echocardiogram stress test, transoesphageal echocardiogram (TOE), cardiac catheterisation (Angiography), electrophysiological studies (EPS), tilt table test and CT angiography, 3.2. How is the electrical signal capture? What is the sensor? How does it work? 3.2. 1.How is the electrical signal capture? An electrocardiogram (ECG) is the simplest and fast techniques used to estimate the heart. Electrodes are placed on the chest, legs and arms. The electrical activity of the heart is measured, prints out and understood for the doctors information and further understanding when the electrodes are joined to an ECG machine. During this practice, many ECG tracings are found over a period of around 20 minute estimating numerous hundred cardiac cycles to sense indirect abnormalities that growth risk for cardiac arrhythmias. These indirect abnormalities are commonly not sensed preceding a plain ECG. A computer captures the electrical signal from the heart and the doctor will get more detail for the hearts electrical conduction system is functioning. Then, the hearts pumping act is controlled by an electrical conduction system that manages the reduction of the several chambers of the heart. An electrical stimulus is produced by the sinus node and it is a specialized tissue situated in the right atrium of the heart. The sinus node produces an electrical stimulus frequently at 60~ 100 times per minute in normal condition. This electrical stimulus move down by the conduction way and the hearts lower chambers to contract and bleeding out blood. The left and right atria are moved first and contract a short period of time before the left and right ventricles. Lastly, an electrocardiogram is used to measure the electrical activity of the heart. A graphic representation and tracing of the electrical activity can be getting from the placing electrodes at specific positions. The normal tracing or several hearth related conditions can be show from the ECG. 3.2.2. What is the sensor? ECG sensor is use to detect the electrical signal produced by the hearth and detected at the bodys surface. It is use the three electrode patch good contact with skin. The electrodes must be kept in refrigerator with air-tight container, but it is cannot be preserve more than 1 year. Firstly, peel first electrode from the backing paper and place it on the inside of the right elbow. Secondly, place a second and third electrode on the right wrist left wrist. Thirdly, connect the clips from sensor to the tabs on the edges of the electrode patches. Lastly, connect white clip to right elbow electrode patch, red clip to right wrist electrode patch and blue clip to left wrist electrode patch. Then, the ECG is use to monitor the resting ECG, show the wave forms, monitor ECG after mild exercise, investigating ECG with different body position and investigating ECG changes after mild stimulants. Using the ECG sensor, it is can be record an ECG of a person who is initially at rest. Disconnect the sensor wires from the electrode patches, but leave the patches on the person being monitored. Have the person exercise for a few minutes like jogging. Reattach the sensor wires to the electrodes on the person when they have finised exercising and record a new EKG. Compare the resting EKG to the EKG after mild exercise. 3.2.3. How does it work? In the top diagram, the basic functions of an ECG machine include ECG waveform display, either through LCD screen or printed paper media, and heart rhythm indication as well as simple user interface through buttons. More features, such as patient record storage through convenient media, wireless/wired transfer and 2D/3D display on large LCD screen with touch screen capabilities, are required in more and more ECG products. Multiple levels of diagnostic capabilities are also assisting doctors and people without specific ECG trainings to understand ECG patterns and their indication of a certain heart condition. After the ECG signal is captured and digitized, it will be sent for display and analysis, which involves further signal processing. Question 5 A voltage to frequency and frequency to voltage converters is very useful in the industries area. A voltage to frequency converter is usually use in measurement and signal conditioning systems. Its uses can be finding in sensor based data acquisition systems and data conversion circuit. Then, the converters receive an adaptable analog input signal to generate the pulse train output, whose frequency is linearly proportional to the input voltage. The voltage to frequency counter is free of missing codes and monotonic. It can consume very small of power and mixes some noise. For example, The frequencies to voltage converters are used in any input frequency waveform and provide a linearly proportional voltage outputs. It is can be apply in power control, instrumentation, measurement system and communication. The frequencies to voltage frequency are usually established on low pass filter or stable duration at a rate set by the input frequency. Also, it can count the amount of narrow pulses over a fixed period time. Moreover, the signal should be higher frequency than input signal. For example, TC9400 V/F Circuit The TC9400 V/F converter is used to operate on the principal of charge balancing. The operation of the TC9400 is easy to understand by refer to the below diagram. The input voltage is converted to a current by input resistor. The current is converted to a charge arranged the integrating capacitor and come as a linearly decrease the voltage at the output. The output swing is set by the threshold detector, which is the voltage is applied to the capacitor for a time to charge the capacitor to the voltage. This action can be reduces the charge on the integrating capacitor. And, a stable amount (q = CREF x VREF), cause the Op Amp output to establish a limited amount. AT the end of the charge, the CREF will be shorted out. Besides, the output again crosses zero and the system is ready to recycle. In this way, the constant discharging of the integrating capacitor through the input is stable from the reference voltage. The input voltage is increased, the number of reference pulses increases. It is causes the output frequency to increase. Subsequently each charge increase is fixed; the frequency is increase by voltage is linear. Furthermore, the precision of the output pulse width will not direct disturb the linearity of the voltage to frequency. The TC9400 operates small power CMOS handling for small input bias and balance currents, with very small power dissipation. The open drain N-channel output FETs offer great voltage and great current sink ability. The TC9400 F/V circuit The TC9400 is used to generate an output linearly proportional to the input frequency waveform. A precise amount of charge (q = CREF à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ VREF) to be distributed into the op Amps summing junction is caused by each zero intersection at the threshold detectors input. This is flow by the feedback resistor and generates voltage pulses at the output of the Op Amp. A capacitor (CINT) through RINT averages the pulses into a DC voltage; hence it is linearly proportional to the input frequency. The output voltage is connecting to the input frequency through the transfer equation: VOUT = FIN The response time to an alteration in FIN is equal to (RINTCINT). The total of the ripple on voltages output is inversely proportional to CINT and the input frequency. CINT can be increase to lower the ripple. The low frequencies are the value of 1 µF to 100 µF. The VREF is definite as the voltage difference between pin 7 and pin 2 when the TC9400 is used in the single supply mode. In top diagram, the input voltage levels for the TC9400 are  ±400mV in  ±5V applications. If the frequency source is used to measured is unipolar which are TTL or CMOS functioning from a +5v source, formerly an AC coupled level shifter must be used. In single supply F/V applications, the resistor divider will make sure the input threshold will track the supply voltages. The diode clamp avoids the input from working distant enough in the negative direction to chance on the start-up comparator. The diode is onward voltage reductions by 2.1mV/ °C, hence for high ambient temperature operation; two diodes in series are suggested. Question 6 The purpose of the differential pressure flow meter The differential pressure flow meter is used to measure the flow of fluid in a pipe which is used the Bernoullis equation to measure it. Thus, the differential pressure flow meter has flow a constriction into the pipe which is constructs a pressure fall through the flow meter. When the flow is increasing, and the pressure drop is more to form. The flow meter to the transmitter which are measure the differential pressure to control the fluid flow by impulse piping route the upstream and downstream pressure. In Bernoullis equation defines the protection of hydraulic energy through a compression in a pipe. It is also defines the sum of the static energy (pressure head), kinetic energy (velocity head), and potential energy (elevation head) upstream and downstream of the compression are equivalent. In Bernoullis equation, the pressure drop through the compression which is proportional to the square of the flow rate. The meaning of the Bernoullis equation, when the full scales flow produces 10 percentages, and the full scale differential pressure is produces 1 percentage. Differential pressure transmitter accuracy is classically despoiled at low differential pressure in its range, thus flow meter accuracy can be similarly despoiled. Consequently, this non-linear relationship can have a damaging effect on the precision and rejection of differential pressure flow meter. The basic operation principle of the differential pressure flow meter The differential pressure flow meter is used to measure the flow of gases, liquids and air in pipes. Besides, the differential pressure flow meter are usually apply into the industries such as wastewater industries, mining, pulp and paper, petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, water , mineral processing, air industrial gases, steam and cryogenic liquids. When using differential pressure flow meter must be careful especial for fluids with high viscosity which are some hydrocarbons and foods, since their precision can be despoiled when Reynolds amount is low. This flow meter can be functional to moderately clean fluids. In the chemical industry, the flow of corrosive fluids can be measured because with proper consideration to material of construction. Then, when using differential pressure flow meters must be careful in dirty service because it can be cause incorrect measurements. The basic operating principle of differential flow meter is referring on the principle that the pressure decrease through the meter is proportional to the square of the flow rate. The flow rate is attained through removing the square root and measuring the pressure differential. Then, the differential pressure flow meter have a primary and secondary element. In the primary element, it is builds the differential pressure in the pipe that will causes an adjustment in kinetic energy. The pipe size, liquids properties and flow conditions must be matched to the unit. The differential pressure and offers the signal or display that is changed to the actual flow value had been measured by secondary element. In addition, the differential pressure flow meters have included the orifice plate, venturi, nozzle and pitot tube. Orifica plate The orifice plate is usually used in gas, clean liquid, and steam service. It is obtainable for all pipe sizes, and if the pressure decrease it involves is free, it is very economical for calculating flows in bigger pipes. The orifice plate is also permitted by numerous standards administrations for the protection transferal of liquids and gases. Then, it is measured over the difference in stress from the upstream side to the downstream side of a moderately blocked pipe. The plate checking the flow is measured block that constricts the pipe and services the flowing fluid to constrict. The orifice is a flat piece of metal with a precise sized hole tired in it. Greatest orifices are of the conical (quadrant), segmental and concentric type, but eccentric designs are also accessible. Formerly, the orifice plates are cheap, simple construct and can be supplied for some application in some material. The concentric orifice plate takes a sharp concentric drag that offers the pure line connection among the fluid and the plate, with slight friction strain at the border. The diameter of concentric orifice plates is from 0.25 to 0.75 ranges. The highest velocity and lowest static pressure happens at certain 0.35 to 0.85 pipe diameter downstream from the orifice plate. It is called the vena contract. Determining the differential pressure by a location near to the orifice plate reduces the influence of pipe coarseness, subsequently the pipe wall and the fluid has effect by the friction. Venturi The venturi tube flow meter is used in application of lower pressure drop or higher turn down rates. In the Venturi tube, the fluid flow rate is used to measure the cross sectional flow area in the flow path, creating a pressure difference. After the restricted area, the fluid is passes over a pressure retrieval withdrawal section; it is up to 80% of the differential pressure caused at the restricted area. Through flow calibrating and proper instrumentation, the Venturi Tube flow rate can be decrease around 10% of full scale range with proper precision. This offers a turn down rate 10:1. Then, it is can pass 25%~ 50% flows than an orifice with the similar pressure drop. The primary cost of venturi tubes is high, so it is used on higher flows or difficult flow applications. Venturis are oblivious to velocity outline effects and then need less straight pipe path than an orifice. It will be combined with the self- cleaning action of the flow over the tube, makes the device resistant to corrosion, internal scale build up and erosion. In regardless of its high primary cost, the overall cost of ownership can still be approving because of savings in operating, maintenance and costs installation. Nozzle The flow nozzle is stable than the orifice plate, mostly in high velocity and high temperature services. It has used to measure high flow rates of heated vapour. The flow nozzle has a larger flow capacity than the orifice plate and involves a lower initial venture than a venturi tube, but it is also offers low pressure recovery. A main weakness of the nozzle is hard to change than the orifice except it can be impassive as part of a spool unit. The flow nozzles are used in measurement for gas and air flow in industrial applications. This is a simple design, cheap, and it is available for many applications in various materials Flow Nozzles is can handle around 60% liquid flows than orifice plates consuming the similar pressure drop at high velocities. Suspended solids with liquids can be metered. Though, it is not suitable for high viscous liquid or enclosing bigger amount of sticky solids. Pitot tube The pitot tube are used to measure fluid flow, principally in air applications as HVAC systems and ventilation , it is used in airplanes for the speed measurement. The pitot tube measures the kinetic energy of the flow into potential energy is convert by the fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube is used to constrained to point measuring. Through the annubar or multi-orifice pitot probe, the dynamic pressure can be measured through the velocity profile and the annubar finds an averaging influence. Pitot tubes  sense two pressures instantaneously, static and impact. The impact unit involves of a tube through one end focused at right angles to the flow direction. The static tubes end is locked, but a small slot is placed in the side of the unit. The tubes can be attached individually in a pipe or joint in a particular casing. Pitot tubes are usually installed by welding a join on a pipe and injecting the probe through the join. Use of most pitot tubes is restricted to particular point measurements. The units are disposed to plug by overseas material in the liquid. Advantages of pitot tubes are lack of moving parts, low cost, minimum pressure drop and easy installation.

Increasing the Minimum Wage in America

Increasing the Minimum Wage in America Raising the lowest wages in America has always been a controversial topic. The Federal Government establishes the minimum hourly wages that a worker can be paid and as such, these standards of income impact the entire nation.   These standards of income or minimum wages were written into law to control the unfair practices of sweatshops and other capitalistic, manufacturing firms. However, minimum wage laws of today ensure that the employee being paid is provided with enough money to afford necessities (Edward and Gilman, 1999).   Nevertheless, with rising energy costs, no real affordable heath-care system in place and rising fuel and food costs the minimum minimally covers the average Americans necessities. The controversy and or problems associated with standard wages stem from both the positive and negative impacts that it imparts upon society. For example, as minimum wages increase companies are less likely to hire new employees, to train or retool current employees or to off er incentives and or job advancements.   In reverse, as wages decrease firms began to experience higher levels of employee turnover rates, incidents of accidents and often are left with less qualified applicants (Doyle, 2017). Seeing that much of this countries workforce is made up of hourly employees these minimum wage imbalances typically disrupt the main source of income for many households in America.   Ã‚   Technology and various factors of life have changed over the years and has greatly advanced. However, what has remained stagnant; is the increases to minimum wages. As such, many people in America are unable to properly provide for their families. Poverty rates have increased as well as the number of the homeless, yet the Federal Government reports that our economy is improving. Nevertheless, many of this great, Nation’s citizens are unable to provide good and nutritional food for themselves and their families. Because of this we are now facing a rising epidemic of poor health and illness in this country. Due in part to the; depression, obesity, poor nutritional lifestyles brought on by poverty (T.H.G,2014). Throughout the years there has been research that has proven that workers who make more than minimum wage tend to be well and in good health. However, the Federal Government feels that by increased minimum wages create heightened levels of unemployment and that if minimum wages were increased above ten dollars per hour that these rates would elevate drastically. Truth be told, if minimum wages could increase as much as $25 an hour and firms and organizations would continue to grow and prosper because their inputs would always be higher than their outputs. Thriving companies like Amazon wouldn’t stop hiring and neither would they have to raise the prices on their goods to compensate for increased wages. Ideally, if wages were raised it would essentially grow the middle-class and low-income worker would be less reliance upon government assistance programs. As a result, hard working Americas are speaking out and protesting for a substantial increase to the minimum wages. This in essence is warranted because over the last few year’s inflation has increased however income has not. According to different reports given by the Labor Board, â€Å"2007 amendments increased the minimum wage to $5.85 per hour which took effect on July 24, 2007; $6.55 per hour effective July 24, 2008; and $7.25 per hour effective July 24, 2009.† Throughout much of this time America was fighting 3 wars, losing several companies to foreign barters, dealing with a real estate crisis as well as an extreme recession. So, these relatively menial increases were not in alignment with gas prices, inflation nor overall citizen expenses. Statics show at the beginning 2017, twenty-nine states have a higher minimum wage than the standard federal rate. Implementing a minimum wage increase would promote equality among the nation, while also paying workers a living wage which will aid in one being able to live a decent and healthy life. Despite the hesitation from employers, many American households live off minimum wage, for this reason lawmakers should increase it; which will aid American families with the ability to afford the cost of living. Problem The bare minimum of anything is less than average and as such is subpar! Minimum wage in supposedly ‘Greatest and Strongest Nation’ in the world falls closer to the wages extended to citizens in less developed countries. America is ranked number 9 and has a greater military and infrastructure than at least two of the countries that out pay their citizens. Australia which is ranked number one as it relates to highest minimum wages paid to it’s workers and citizens yet this country founded in 1901 and America was founded in 1776, a whooping 275 years earlier (Papworth, 2012). America’s Minimum wage institution was established in 1933, and upon its inception citizens were paid twenty-five cents an hour. Eventually the wages were raised regularly in the years after, with the time between increases generally ranging between a year, and up to five and six years.   On Jan 1, 1981, the minimum wage increased to three dollars and thirty-five cents and it remains at the level until 1990. The current federal minimum wage has remained the same for the same amount of time. It was last increased on Sept. 1, 2010 at seven dollars and twenty-five cents. (Pollin, Robert; Wicks-Lim, Jeannette,2016).   Currently there are eighteen other states including the District of Columbia who have a higher minimum wage than what is typically required by federal law. However, there are still six states that don’t even   participate in minimum wage.   The reason why this is a global societal problem is because approximately half of the people earning the minimum wage or less are younger workers who are under the age of twenty-five.   Many of these worked still live with their parents.   Statistic show that forty-one percent stay with their patents while fifteen percent are adults, who are raising a family and twenty-three percent are adults who are barely able to take care of themselves. Although, poverty has been a huge problem for many decades (for all types of families), government officials feel that raising wages would have little effect on these group of people. Researchers have proven that various states across America have a minimum wage that is higher than what is required at the government level.   However, the federal government gives each state an opportunity to manage their minimum wage by law, but the worker will get the higher pay of the two. â€Å"Many economists do not like minimum wage for the simple fact it puts a stop to low-income workers who essentially cannot produce enough monetary worth in their work to cover the minimum wage. Often during various years such as 2008-2012, a worker in these situations has to consider the government, by looking at one’s neighborhood, education level, race, and age (24-65)† (Greory,2014).   Another factor that could be essential to help increase minimum wage is the coast of living.   Although each state has the authority to have its own minimum wage, some states are less cost efficient than others which require more than the standard minimum. â€Å"Most of the global labor force, in any case, is the developing markets.   In addition, for some of these nations, initiating a minimum wage or raising it is unequivocally on the policy agenda. Yet, little is thought about the effects of minimum wages on labor and expectations for living standards in developing markets† (Gregory, 2014).   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The cost of living takes in to account the prices of different goods and services; whereas, housing affordability considers how expensive home prices are in relation to the median family income† (Cooper,2015). However, everyone feels that things are expensive and cost a fortune. After doing research, the states that have major metro areas (such as New York and San Francisco), often gain attraction for tourist and other perks which can make it least affordable.   If the cost of living is higher than minimum wage, it increases the ability to get another job or ask for government assistance. Statics also show that 30-50% of one’s income is spent on rent and utilities, which in some cases it is 90% of their household income.   â€Å"Although some people are rent-burdened, and cannot afford basics necessities, such as fresh fruits and vegetables; so alternatively, they consume un healthy food that eventual causes health problems†. (Tsao et al 2016). Most minimum wage worker due to the lack of income cannot afford the health benefits that they need to stay healthy. Nevertheless, their ailments worsen and often time an individual may start to have feelings of depression or feeling down about their situation, this type of mindset is also unhealthy for low income Americans. Solution A probable solution to increasing minimum wages is to guarantee basic income programs like Housing Urban Development also known as HUD.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"HUD is a public housing program for all sizes and types of families, which provides housing from houses to apartments, even for the elderly. This program was developed to provide housing and community development assistance and to make sure everyone has access to â€Å"fair and equal housing† (Reich,2015).     Another opportunity for low-income families is the government assistance program that helps provide food for low income families also known as the SNAP program. This program aids with food purchases for low-income or no income families; living in the United States. SNAP benefits cost about seventy billion dollars a year and provide for about forty-four billion people.   This number represents about fourteen percent of the population, which adds up to be $125.51 per month for each person. SNAP is one of the largest nutrition programs in American; for low income families.   After reviewing the article The Effects of Minimum Wage on Food Stamps, many government officials feel that one should not have it both ways, they should not be able to collect on both benefits. Their rationale is that if minimum wages increases, that the Snap benefits decrease.   This would have an adverse effect on one’s health or possible affect the children in that household.   Government officials have spent numerus of time on discussing the issue for the welfare plan. However; since 2014, there has been an estimated increase on minimum wages and a decrease in SNAP participation, by 3.95 percent.   These results indicate that the government is going in the right direction in saving taxpayer money (Reich,2015). Although these individuals receive SNAP benefits some households still are facing the greatest hardship and most likely face a decrease in food security, rather than people who are not receiving SNAP benefits. However, SNAP enrollment seems to increase in periods of prosperity. Another solution to increasing minimum wages could be raising the child tax credit.   Families with children could really use the extra money that is provided form the benefit from child tax credit program. Many government officials are in favor of increasing the child tax credit, they say it is highly unlikely that it would be and increase in minimum wage. However, this strategy would help struggling families with children with the benefits and necessities that they need. Although most federal governments oppose of the minimum wage law they feel that there better solution for helping workers that only make minimum wage such as the earned income tax credit.   This tax credit is set up for a person who is poor and has earn a certain about due to his or her wages throughout the year.  Ã‚   The earn income tax credit has several advantages for the poor and it favors those who make minimum wage. â€Å"One argument often made by minimum wage advocates is that higher minimum wage is necessary to prevent or mitigate the reduction in market wages associated with the labor supply response to a more generous EITC† (Neumark&Washcher, 2011, p. 714).   The standard minimum wage does not cost the tax payer any money because of the higher income tax credit. This is one of the programs that was created so the government would not have to raise minimum wages, by only creating it for low income workers, who are eligible to receive it.   â€Å"Economist around the globe, feel that training programs are criticism of raising the minimum wage it is the pay rate of low-skilled people and entry level jobs†(Neumar&Wascher,2002).   The government could install training programs that could potentially improve employee outcomes and help them to be more successful in getting a high paying job. Evaluation of the Evidence The evidence used here is all justifiable and dependable and without bias. The various of sources used here are scholarly, peer-reviewed articles which make the information justifiable. There are a few sources used here that would be considered popular sources.   After reading the article, American Journal of Public Health, the authors (Tsao et al 2016) worked with the New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, they referenced their work and without bias. This article helped shed light on the health of low-income families. It also helped to explain how beneficial it would be if there was and increase in minimum wage and the effects it would have on and families.   The Effects of Minimum Wage on Food Stamps, is a credible scholarly source to show how the government reasons for not raising minimum wages but should create more programs to help individuals who are suffering with low-income or no income at all.   As a result, the article proved that the government is going in the right direction in saving taxpayer money.   This article is essential to research because it sheds light on the way minimum wages affect people who are less fortunate.   It also takes a closer look at those who have to use government assistance programs in order to support their families.     Statistical data provided gives rationale for raising the minimum wage and to utilize the table of data. Once again, this source is reliable, valid and unbiased. Several of the sources provide statistical data that need to be illustrated. â€Å"The statistic from this graph clearly shows the percentages of families’ income and of those who would be affected by a minimum-wage increase on a generally low to moderate level.   Nearly, 70.7 percent of affected families have a total family income of less than $60,000, and nearly a quarter (23.6 percent) have total family income of less than $20,000. Among all U.S. families, the median family income in 2010 was $60,395† (Current Population Survey, 2010) . Some of the surveys results are incorrect due to lack of education and inaccurate information being provided at the time the survey was given. The source Neumak and Wascher, shows support on finding a solution to help low-income workers.   They were able to shed light on how poverty has affected workers which have low-incomes.   Cooper explains, the percentages of youth and adults that are targeted by the fast food industries and that have no education (2015). This source explains why the government will not increase minimum wage because of the targeted age group. Ethical outcomes of Solution Some journalists have stated negative impacts, such as turnover rates and untrained workers for small businesses if wages are increased, the positive aspect of raising wages would have, overall.   After reviewing the statistical data, it shows that mostly teenagers are targeted when mentioning minimum wage, this is because they are one of the largest group that is affected by the minimum wage, which makes it effects more discernable.   After reading the article Pay Equity and the National minimum wage, the author points out that reservation wages of younger workers, which is lower than adult workers. Citizen throughout the country have had many concerns about the status of minimums wage getting abused form primary earners in poor families, more than for the wages of teenagers and other secondary earners form higher-income families. It also raises arguments on why young workers are receiving such low pay and sheds light on the national minimum wage.   The theories of wage control vary, but details pay levels and pay dispersion; thus, proving that pay differs around the world.   These differences are based on job requirements.   Younger adults are also targeted by the fast food industries because of no job experience and lack of education.   Most young adults are just trying to earn extra money rather than trying to take care of a family.   â€Å"The average age of affected workers is 36 years old. A larger share of affected workers is age 55 and older (15.3 percent) than are teens (10.7 percent). About two-thirds of affected workers are 25 years old or older† (Cooper, 2015).   There have been numerous of research obtain to show that most teenagers will not be affected by the increase because most teenagers only work part-time because they attend school. Teenagers could also learn these lessons from many other activities or discussions.   Young adults should not just rely on minimum wage; but continue their education, which would lead to an opportunity of getting a better job, when they become an adult.   They will not only have job experience but know the value of money and how it can help provide for their families.   Ã‚  There is various reason on why minimum wage should be increase because society feels like worker are less likely to quit on higher-paid jobs. Sheposh explains how minimum wage has the lowest rate of pay that was set out for mostly the fast food industry.   The government or union negotiated and calculated hourly, weekly and monthly incentives to come up with the first national minimum-wage law.   He presents the establishment and timeline of minimum wage and how it affects certain parts of the country. States like Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Tennessee do not implement the minimum wage law.   According to this article each state and municipality can set its own wage.   â€Å"Minimum wage has always been a controversial issue and will continue to be an issue as the cost of living is always rising† (Sheposh, 2016).   However, minimum wage was not meant for workers to rely on as a permanent career, but to only use as temporary financial support.   There are many reasons that minimum wages should be increase for a worker. The standard minimum wage pay for participating states varies between $7.25 and 9.00; which in today’s society typical family of three people, would barely be able thrive.   However; from a business perspective, the employer gains profit by paying the workers less, but still has the exception for that worker to work hard and come to work every day.   In the article Santa Monica’s Minimum Wage: Assessing the Living Wage Movement’s New Frontier,it mentions that Santa Monica proposed a plan that would raise the minimum wage to $12.25 per hour (2005). After reviewing the statistical data of this source, it shows that many businesses would close due to the increase.   Studies also show that some business relocate, this is done so they will not have to pay the workers more money. It is unfair that some businesses cheat their employees out of money, so they can make more profit.   It continues to be controversial topic around the globe that the less fortunate or low-income community would be better if the government officials would come together and increase the minimum wage.   This would be beneficial, instead of developing various programs such as SNAP, earned income tax credit, and federal housing. It gives them a chance at a better life and helps them take care of their families, especially those who have unaffordable health issues.   It is immoral and unjustifiable to make someone work forty hours a week and still not be able to live.   Everyone’s situation is different but giving them the opportunity to take care of their families is morally right and ethical. If the government will increase minimum wages and keep certain government programs, then add the installation of training programs to benefit low-income and uneducated workers, they will have the opportunity to get a higher paying job.   In turn, they would no longer need the aid of federal programs; thus, this will be a great solution for the worker, as well as, the government. Minimum wages were set to only help the younger workers while in school, and other adults with no job experience. Many economists argue that by increasing minimum wage does not only help low-income worker, but all workers.   Conclusion While increasing minimum wage will always continue to be a controversial topic around the world, the wealthy have argued that the poor would be better off if the government officials would not waste their time trying to increase minimum wage.   They should instead, create more programs that will be beneficial to workers to help them get better paying jobs.   Some feel that minimum wage will reduce employment, but not by as much as there are so many people who want to work, but can not due to health issue, education, and various other issues. Increasing minimum wages has benefits for all workers, not just the one that the government targets like young workers, single adults, and worker who are 55 and older.   President Barack Obama has stated on many occasion that increasing the minimum wage is very essential to addressing the income gap in America. Raising minimum wage does not just help families financially, but it helps them feel better about themselves.   Morale would increase because they would be able to take care of their families and develop good morals and standards. However, it can help take care of health issues and not use federal programs, because they will obtain a higher paying job, which will carry health insurance and that they can afford. Making more money with just a simple increase can give a household an opportunity to be successful and take care of one’s family.   Poverty in America is at an all-time high and the lower-class has been affected by the increase in the cost of living. We have to find a way for government officials to make the decision to increase minimum wages. References Brosnan,  P. (n.d.). The Minimum Wage in a Global Context.  The Handbook of Globalization, Second Edition. doi:10.4337/9780857931443.00020 Cooper, D. (2015). Raising the Minimum Wage to $12 by 2020 Would Lift Wages for 35 Million American Workers | Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/raising-the-minimum-wage-to-12-by-2020-would-lift-wages-for-35-million-american-workers/ Doyle, A. 14 Dec 2017. Pros and Cons of Raising Minimum Wage. Web. https://www.thebalance.com/pros-and-cons-of-raising-the-minimum-wage-2062521 Edwards, P., & Gilman, M. (1999). Pay equity and the national minimum wage: What can theories tell us? Human Resource Management Journal, 9(1), 20-38. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/199448047?accountid=32521 Gregory,  T. (2014). When the Minimum Wage Bites Back: Quantile Treatment Effects of a Sectoral Minimum Wage in Germany.  SSRN Electronic Journal.  doi:10.2139/ssrn.2567167 Meer, J., & West, J. (2016). Effects of the Minimum Wage on Employment Dynamics. Journal Of Human Resources, 51(2), 500-522. Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (2002). Do Minimum Wages Fight Poverty. Economic Inquiry, 40(3), 315. Papworth, J. 26 Oct. 2012. How Good is Great Britian’s Minimum Wage? Web.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.theguardian.com/money/2012/oct/26/how-good-britain-minimum-wage Pollin, Robert; Wicks-Lim, Jeannette.   A $15 U.S. minimum wage: How fast-food industry could adjust without shedding jobs.   Journal of Economic Issues (M.E. Sharpe Inc.).  Sep2016, Vol. 50 Issue 3, p716-744. 29p. 10 Charts. DOI: 10.1080/00213624.2016.1210382 Reich, Michael.  Industrial Relations. â€Å"The Effects of Minimum Wage on Food Stamps†.  Oct2015, Vol. 54 Issue 4, p668-694. 27p. 8 Charts, 1 Map DOI: 10.1111/irel.12105. Sanders, R. H., & Williams, E. D. (2005, February). Assessing the Living Wage Movement’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New Frontier. Santa Monica’s Minimum Wage:, 19(1). doi:10.1177/0891242404268705 Sheposh, R. January,2016 2p. â€Å"Minimum Wages around the World† Salem Press. Web. 26 Jan. 2016. http://www.wageindicator.org/main/salary/minimum-wageontier. Santa Monica’s Minimum Wage:, 19(1). doi:10.1177/0891242404268705 Tsao et al. (June 2016). Estimating potential reductions in premature mortality in New York City from raising the minimum wage to $15. American Journal of Public Health, 106(6): 1036-1041